從德行倫理學看道德動機

本文旨在探討並釐清德行倫理學與道德動機間的關係，並指出一般認為德行倫理學不重視動機看法的錯誤。其實經過深入探討與研究，便可以發現，作為目的論一種的德行倫理學並非與重視動機的義務倫理學有那樣懸殊的差異，德行的行為同樣講求純正高尚的動機，它對於道德動機的重視與義務論應該只是程度上的差異而已。根據亞理斯多德，道德行動是抉擇的結果，我們在特定情境中選擇一項行動，它可以是高尚的，也可以是齷齪的。因此，在我們作出抉擇之前，必須依循實踐智慧的導引進行周詳思慮，而周詳思慮本身則已經包括了道德動機的考量，因為我們一定會考慮到我們為何要這樣做，而不那樣做。在亞理斯多德倫理學書中談及許多希臘人重視的德行，譬如勇敢與節制，不過在他對各種道德德行的解說中，真正指出純正道德動機重要性，並以之作為德行必要條件的是友愛〔φιλια〕之德。本文將試圖透過對友愛之德的分析，來梳理道德動機在德行倫理學中的地位。

關鍵字

德行倫理學；道德動機；亞理斯多德倫理學

並列摘要

This paper aims to investigate and elucidate the relationship between virtue ethics and moral motivation, also with an attempt to point out the common mistake in the view that moral motivation is neglected by virtue ethics. We find out through our thorough investigation that the difference between virtue ethics and deontology with regard to moral motivation is not as wide as it was thought to be. Moral motivation is regarded as no less necessary and essential to virtue ethics as to deontology, the difference is just a matter of degree. According to Aristotle, moral act is a result of choice, when we choose certain act in a particular situation, it may be noble, or mean. Therefore, we must deliberate in accordance with the guide of practical wisdom before we make decision, and the moral motivation is already implied in the deliberation itself, because we must have considered why we should do this, rather than that. In the Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle talks about various moral virtues, such as courage and temperance. However, among his account of all moral virtues, it is philia which gives true significance of moral motive.