一個自由，兩種表述：沙特與莫里亞克的小說論戰

1939年沙特在《新法蘭西評論》（La Nouvelle Revue Française）中發表了一篇文章〈莫里亞克與自由〉（M. François Mauriac et la liberté），抨擊莫里亞克的小說中全知全能、夾敘夾議的敘述模式，儼然以基督上帝之名，行篡奪人物自由之實，扼殺了人物意識的獨立性。沙特的論戰延續法國學界新舊流派之戰的傳統，歷來被視為二十世紀小說史上象徵性的里程碑，預告了文學史從莫里亞克的心理分析小說轉向新小說、後設小說、後現代小說書寫的展演路徑。事實上，沙特以存在主義哲學切入莫氏小說世界，撻閥其中以基督思維為中心的建構，藉此質疑傳統小說中約定俗成的敘述模式。莫里亞克賦予小說家全然的自由，而沙特主張的自由是人物的獨立自主，兩人的論戰中形成「一個自由，兩種表述」白色歧異，同時也反映出二十世紀文學中，透過矛盾，掌握真實的態勢。表面上莫氏小說與後來的小說新派系形成斷裂，實際上，存在主義小說正是從莫氏的形而上焦慮小說延伸而來。本文試圖從二十世紀小說發展脈絡中理解莫里亞克的小說美學遭逢了哪些時代議題，從敘述視角與美學、作家與人物的關係、小說與意識形態等面向理解這場論戰的論據與時代意義，並透過兩位作家小說藝術的交叉比對，重新評估沙特論述的合理性。

關鍵字

莫里亞克；沙特；自由；敘述觀點；人物意識

並列摘要

In his essay ”M. Francois Mauriac et la liberté” (in Nouvelle Revue Française, February, 1939), Sartre accused Mauriac of denying the independence of characters by using the omniscience narrative. Sartre's debate predicted the transformation from the psychological novel to the New novel, the Meta-fiction, the Post-modern novel. In fact, Sartre probed into Mauriac's novel with the existentialism and accused the conventional Christ centered thinking construction. He questioned at the traditional narrative mode. Mauriac attributed to the novelist the whole freedom, whereas Sartre believed in characters' independence. Thus, their debate formed one kind of freedom with two statements; and reflected the trend of contradiction in 20th century literature. From different aspects as the narrative perspective, the value of esthetics, the relation between the writer and the characters and the novel and its ideology, this article tried to understand Mauriac's esthetic of novel in different times according to the development of novels in the 20th century. We'll revalue Sartre's description and its reasonableness from the comparative analysis of two novelists' artistic conception.