試析軍人行德的束縛與自由－從實踐德行論的途徑談起

束縛作為諮商的課題是就束縛所帶來的苦難而言之，束縛若肇因於倫理與道德的限制，乃某種倫理受苦的現象。這種受到人際關係互動意義所影響的束縛課題是倫理學的範疇，倫理作為人類複雜與微妙情感的構成元素，也是情緒發生或變化的根源之一。亞里斯多德也主張，不同情緒和各種德行之間存在著密切的關係，人們在行德時並不可能完全排除情緒，而是在適當地感受與表達情緒的過程中展現具有道德意義的行為。故而，倫理才因此在情感和情緒上產生束縛的受創困境。針對這些因倫理束縛所產生的受苦現象，本文主張，藉由德行論的德行觀有助於釋放倫理的束縛。一般而言，軍人在部隊裡受到比外面社會更多的限制和規範，如果軍人僅從限制或規範的觀點來看待德行或武德，那麼「行德」這件事對軍人而言，必然是充滿束縛與不自由的負面情緒。若要紓解此一困境，首先需釐清軍人行德時所可能遭遇的束縛現象；其次，深究「德行」的意涵，以此論證釋放軍人行德之束縛的可能性；第三，從束縛到自由的歷程中分析與建構軍事之哲學諮商的理論基礎。探討軍人行德的束縛與自由，除了從經驗層面分析當前軍人行德的諸種束縛現象及其受限的本質之外；探討德行的意涵，將有助於提升軍人行德的意願，使軍人從「我應遵守軍人讀訓，符合武德要求」這樣的意欲，提升至「我立志成為受人敬重的好軍人」的自我期許中。本文試圖從兩方向提供釋放軍人行德自由的觀點：1.從追求內在善與卓越標準的欲望釋放束縛，直至樂以行善的自由。2.從重視情緒與實踐智慧的培養中釋放束縛，直至善以行德的自由。

關鍵字

亞里斯多德；麥金泰爾；德行論；武德；軍人德行；哲學諮商

並列摘要

Bondage as a topic of counseling concerns the suffering it causes. If resulting from ethical and moral confines, bondage is a phenomenon of ethical suffering. Such an issue of bondage, affected by interpersonal reactions, belongs to the category of ethics, which is integral to the complicated and subtle feelings of human beings and triggers the occurrence and changes of emotions. Aristotle also argued that various emotions are closely related to all kinds of virtues as people do not eliminate emotions completely in their practice of virtues but rather show moral actions in the process of appropriately feeling and expressing emotions. Thus, ethics results in bondage as a trauma in feelings and emotions. Dealing with the suffering caused by ethical bondage, it is argued here that the view of virtues as part of the doctrine of virtues can facilitate the relief of ethical bondage. Generally, soldiers are more restrained and regulated in the army than in the outward society. If a soldier sees virtues or military virtues in the light of restraint and regulation, the ”practice of virtues” must be teemed with negative emotions such as bondage and loss of liberty. To be relieved from this plight, we must first clarify the bondage that a soldier may feel in the practice of virtues; then we need to study carefully the meanings of virtues whereby to argue for the possibility to relieve the sense of bondage; and third, we have to analyze and construct the theoretical foundation of philosophical counseling in military affairs in the process from bondage to liberty. In the inquiry of the soldiers' bondage and liberty in their practice of virtues, more than analyzing empirically the many kinds of bondage on the soldiers in their practice of virtues and their restrained nature, the exploration of the meaning of virtues can enhance the soldiers' will to practice virtues, improving on their intention to meet the requirements of military virtues and transform it into the aspiration to be a respectable soldier. This article is meant to the approach the soldiers' liberty in the practice of virtues from two perspectives: first, they must be relieved of the desire to pursue inward good and excellence in order to achieve the liberty to do good; second, they must be relieved of their bondage through cultivating their attention to emotions and wisdom in practice so as to attain the liberty to practice virtues.