「內在自由」：莊子自由思想的特點及其哲學證明——從「以道觀之」到逍遙自由何以可能

自由思想在中國哲學與文化傳統中源遠流長，自成一格。在莊子思想體系中，逍遙自由思想與形上學層面的道論相「掛搭」，從形上學高度證明逍遙自由何以可能。道既是宇宙本體論，又是價值本源與生命理想境界。真人、全人、至人都是「道」之人格化形象，或者說是「道」之隱喻。道不離人，逍遙自由不離人的日常之「在」。逍遙自由的文化根基在於「道」，人性是「道」之「德」。道外在化為真人、神人，內在化為人性之德。「道德」先在性「註定」了人生而自由。逍遙自由是人的本性，人在本質上是自由的，自由是人的可能生存狀態與理想境界。人實現逍遙自由理想何以可能？莊子認為道先驗至善，道善決定人性善，人性善恰恰正是實現生命內在超越的基石。人性善具有普遍性，普遍性意味著平等性。由於人性平等，建基於人性論基石之上的自由學說，洋溢著平等性、普遍性和永恆性特點。

關鍵字

莊子；道；逍遙；自由

並列摘要

Freedom thought of xiaoyao (逍遙) not only has a long history but also is Sui generis in the tradition of Chinese philosophy and culture. In Zhuang Zi's thought system, freedom thought of xiaoyao combine with Taoism of the metaphysical level, prove the possibility of the thought of xiaoyao from metaphysics height. Tao (道) is not only universal ontology, and is the source of value and the ideal of life. The true person, the whole person and the perfect person are all the personality image of ＂Tao＂ or the metaphor of ＂Tao＂. ＂Tao＂ and human are not isolated, freedom of xiaoyao are not separate from daily ＂in＂. Freedom of xiaoyao's cultural foundation lies in the ＂Tao＂, human nature is the ＂virtue＂ of ＂Tao＂. The true person, the supernatural person are the externalization of Tao and the virtue of human nature is internalization. ＂Morality＂ priority doomed that all people are born free. Freedom of xiaoyao is human nature, human is free in nature, freedom is one possible survival state and ideal. How can people achieve the ideal of xiaoyao freedom? Zhuang Zi believes that Tao is a priori supreme good. Good Tao’s decide good human nature, it is good human nature to realize the foundation of life internal transcendence. Good human nature has universality, universality means equality. Because of human equality, theory of freedom which built on the basis of human nature theory has the characteristics of equality, universality and immutability.