王陽明語言哲學的內涵、特質及定位

王陽明的語言哲學是圍繞中國古代語言哲學的中心問題──名實關係問題和言意關係問題──展開的。關於名實關係，有兩層含義，其一，名實相符，反對沒世而名不稱，由此王陽明凸顯的是政治倫理意義而非形上邏輯意義的名；其二，名實問題落實在文實觀上則是對文盛實衰現象的批評，暗含了文實相符則歸於治的語言哲學意蘊，凸顯了語言（或著述）「有以啟之」的價值規範功能。關於言意關係，王陽明主張言既能盡意又不能盡意：圍繞經（言）能否盡意（呈現聖人作經之意）的問題展開討論時，王陽明強調的是語言的功能性意義而非實體性意義，主要凸顯的是語言的規範功能和價值屬性；在名言與心體的關係上，王陽明繼承了儒家將言與默並重的傳統，將心體理解為超乎名言之域（說不得）的本體。語言符號的重要性必須在名實、言意、知行相依相存的統一關係中加以理解和把握，這是王陽明語言哲學的特色所在。至於語言能否把握道的問題，由於王陽明把關注的重心放在語義學的名實、言意關係而非語言自身的邏輯法則方面，所以他自一開始即認識到語言符號在表徵形上意義方面的局限性，不過王陽明依然主張可以隱喻的方法言道。總之，王陽明的語言哲學是心學一脈語言哲學的典型代表，是心學一脈語言哲學的最高峰，對於陽明後學乃至現代新儒學的語言哲學產生了深遠的影響。

關鍵字

王陽明；語言哲學；名實觀；言意觀；心體

並列摘要

Wang Yangming's philosophy of language revolves around the central issue of ancient Chinese language philosophy, which is the relationship between fame and fact and the relationship between words and meanings. Regarding the relationship between fame and fact, there are two implications. On the one hand, fame has to be equal to the fact. Wang Yangming opposed nameless in the world. Therefore, Wang yangming stressed the political and ethical meanings of fame rather than the superficial logical meaning. On the other hand, the problem of fame and fact reflects in the concept of literature and reality is that it criticizes the thriving literature and the decaying reality. It implies the linguistic and philosophical connotation that the unification of fame and fact contributes to a balance, which highlights the normative function that language (or writings) can be enlightening. Regarding the relationship between words and meanings, Wang Yangming argued that words can both be full of meaning and not be full of meaning. When discussing whether the scriptures (words) can express the meaning accurately or not (namely to present the thoughts of the saints), Wang Yangming emphasized the functional meaning of language but not the literal meaning of language. It mainly highlights the normative function and value of language. In the relationship between speech and Xinti, Wang Yangming inherited the Confucian tradition of paying equal attention to speech and silence, and understood Xinti as an ontology beyond words (can not be expressed by words). The importance of language signs must be understood and grasped in the unified relationship of fame and fact, words and meaning, knowledge and action. This is the feature of Wang Yangming's philosophy of language. As for the question of whether language can grasp the Tao, since Wang Yangming focused on the relationship between fame and fact and the relationship between words and meanings in semantics rather than the logical rules of language itself, he had realized the limitations of language signs in terms of representing the substantial meaning from the very beginning. However, Wang Yangming still advocates a metaphorical way of declaring Tao. All in all, Wang Yangming's philosophy of language is a typical representative of the language philosophy of Xinxue. It is at the peak of the language philosophy of Xinxue and it has a profound impact on Yangming's post-learning and Modern neo-confucianism's philosophy of language.