道德神學在道德上是必然的嗎？

康德的道德神學，企圖把信仰建立在人類理性的基礎上。他一方面駁斥知性經驗與思辨理性對於掌握「靈魂不朽」與「上帝存在」命題的無能力，另一方面卻在實踐理性的基礎上確立這兩命題的必然性。因而強調：道德必然引至宗教。然而這又不可理解為道德法則自身必然直接產生宗教，而是以道德法則為線索，加上人性追求幸福本能的需求，也就是德福一致的最高善，才是宗教信仰的必然基礎。因此康德說宗教的必然性不是客觀的，而是道德上主觀的一種確信。從而這種宗教信仰的需要，即在於掃除道德障礙乃至激勵道德決心，而不可反過來將道德法則的客觀必然性建立在宗教信仰的基礎上。在這種理性信仰中，人所應關切的仍只是：是否成為有德而配享幸福，而不是如傳統基督教信仰那樣仰望奇蹟、神恩，乃至救贖與祈禱。然而為了保障吾人之道德決心，必然要運用最高善的理念嗎？縱使承認確有一種道德上的報應，上帝信仰是唯一的選擇嗎？放在西方基督教文化的架構裡，我們能夠確信道德必然引至信仰？還是應該反過來說信仰必然引至道德？在下面的文章裡我將論述：康德的最高善理念裡的幸福仍無法擺脫「不確定概念」的困難，其次則是「靈魂不朽」與「上帝存有」就道德報應理論的其他可能類型（例如佛教）而言並無其必然性，最後將指出宗教信仰不必藉助於道德需求仍有其存在的必要性，並指出康德對基督教核心教義的錯誤理解。

關鍵字

康德；理性宗教；道德神學；最高善；宗教經驗

並列摘要

The ethical theology of Kant aims to vindicate the religious belief on the basis of human reason. Although he argues on the one hand that the knowledge of experience and the speculative reason are ineffective for making clear the statements of the immortality of soul and the existence of God, he, on the other hand, maintains on the basis of the practical reason the immortality of soul and the existence of God. Consequently, Kant stresses that morality is bound to lead to religion. However, the afore-mentioned argumentation of Kant is not be understood as that the moral principles themselves should directly lead to religion, from Kant's point of view, the indispensable foundation for the religious belief has to be built with the framework of moral laws as well as the human instinctive desire for happiness, that is, the Highest Good of the proper proportioning of virtue and happiness is the true basis of the religious belief. Accordingly, Kant insists that the ”moral necessity” to ”assume the existence of God” is ”subjective, i.e., a need, and not objective, i.e. duty itself.” Therefore, the necessity of the religious belief in Kantian viewpoint means to eliminate the moral obstacles so as to aspire the moral resolutions, not on the contrary, that the necessary objectivity of moral laws is established on the basis of religious belief. With such a rational religious belief, what the faithful should be concerned about is to introspect oneself whether one's virtue is worthy of happiness, and not to behave in accordance with the traditional Christian ways to rely upon praying and look to divine grace, miracles as well as redemption. Can the Kantian postulate about the subjective moral necessity be proved true? If we acknowledge the Kantian statement about the subjective moral necessity, then, we should ask further, whether the Christian belief in God is the sole choice? If not, do we still need an ethical theology? Furthermore, even taking the western Christian culture into consideration, this paper also aims to examine whether the Kantian issue that morality has to lead to religious belief is unquestionable? Or, is it possible that religious belief is bound to lead to moral behavior? This paper aims to examine first the happiness within the Kantian notion of the Highest Good still remains an uncertain idea. Secondly, in comparison with the other theories of the moral retribution (such as that of Buddhism), the immortality of soul and the existence of God can not be proved as the only two valid presumptions for the issue of the moral retribution. Thirdly, this paper will point out that the notion of moral demands is not necessary for maintaining the raison d'etre of the religious belief, and that Kant's perception of the Christian core-doctrines is incorrect.