晚清臺東直隸州的制度與運作

臺東直隸州成立於1888年，為清、日政權交替前清帝國於東臺灣最後的地方行政區。筆者即以過去的相關研究作為基礎，並耙梳晚清、日治初期官員相關調查紀錄等史料，同時從直隸州鄉制的特殊性、行政疆域、直隸州衙門組織與統治方式、駐兵等來分析、觀察，以呈現晚清臺東直隸州統治下的東臺灣。研究發現，臺東直隸州的行政疆域最北只到今新城鄉的北埔村，真正能管轄的地區只有平地。知州雖是最高的文官、統治者，但必須依靠駐防東臺灣營勇的保護，才能順利推動其政務。知州衙門底下有編制與非編制的輔佐單位，共同協助知州治理。五鄉則是因應徵稅而設置的機構，五鄉的名稱一直沿用到日治初期。為了綏撫原住民，東臺灣設有撫墾局。到了胡傳時期，營勇主要駐紮在南路的三條崙道路沿線，以及東臺灣重要地點，來維持道路的暢通與維護後山的治安。統治原住民的重要方式，是給予社長、副社長、總通事、通事、副通事等口糧，藉由他們間接地約束部落。營官與通事是後山控制原住民各社的重要人物。東臺灣是瘴癘之地，官員、營勇在此經常病倒甚至病死，因此，吸食鴉片常成為營勇抵禦瘴癘的方法。知州、營官無法有效處理鴉片的問題，又無法有效替換吸食鴉片的營勇，使得清帝國只能耗費金錢，養一群不一定能夠打仗的軍人。晚清為了統治後山、確立東臺灣地區的領土化，而設官治理、駐防勇營，但駐軍欠缺精良的武器，且受困於環境，甚至得吸食鴉片來抵禦瘴癘；通事出入原住民地區，與勇營關係密切，且可以左右原住民對官方的向背，但知州無法約束通事，亦無法改變後山的統治狀況，只能期待不會發生大的衝突。

關鍵字

臺東直隸州；東臺灣；胡傳；鄉制；政權交替

並列摘要

Taitung Zhilizhou (Taitung Prefecture, 臺東直隸州), established in 1888, was the last local government in Eastern Taiwan before the transition of government from the Qing to the Japanese Empire. Using existing literatures and official historical documents, this study investigates the distinctiveness of the Taitung Zhilizhou in terms of its territorial jurisdiction, administrative style and township organizations, thus shedding light on Eastern Taiwan toward the end of the Qing rule on the island. We found that the territorial jurisdiction of the Taitung Zhilizhou was limited to flat areas up to the Beipu village in Sinchen(新城鄉北埔村). Though the Zhizhou (知州) was the highest-ranking governor of this region, he was not able to exercise his administrative power without the protection of the local garrison. There were formal and informal agencies which helped Zhizhou run the Taitung Zhilizhou government. Five townships (五鄉) were the organizations built for tax purposes, and such names lasted until the beginning of the Japanese rule. The Fuken Bureau (撫墾局) was set up to formally control the aborigines in Eastern Taiwan. During the Hu Chuan (胡傳) period, the local garrison mainly stationed along the Santiaolun (三條崙) on the Nanlu (南路) and other strategic locations to secure the Han people's (漢人) safety in the region. An essential method to rule the aborigines was to provide allowances to the local chieftain, vice chieftain, and Tongshi (通事) so that they could in turn govern their tribes. Among these rulers, Tongshi and military officers were the most important in controlling the aboriginal tribes at that time. Eastern Taiwan was a land full of miasma and plague. As soldiers got sick easily or even died due to those illnesses, the local garrison often resorted to smoking opium in order to fight against the environment. The Zhizhou and military officers were not able to stop the use of opium effectively, and as a result they were protected by paralyzed, useless troops. Opium addiction, along with a lack of good weapons, prevented the Qing Dynasty from using its military to efficiently govern Eastern Taiwan. The Tongshi was able to enter the aboriginal areas and communicate with the tribes. He therefore could implement governmental administration, but his actions were not fully constrained by the Zhizhou. The Zhizhou gradually lost control over the aboriginal areas and could only hope that no major conflict would occur between the government and the local tribes.