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社區營造的反思:城鄉差異的考量、都市發展的觀點、以及由下而上的理念探討

Reflections on Community Empowerment: Consideration of Urban-rural Differences, Perspectives of Urban Development, and Exploration of the Bottom-up Concept

摘要


自文建會推行「社區總體營造」以來,台灣的社區發展即呈現蓬勃的態勢。但在社區營造成功的表面下,存在著許多關鍵議題需要進一步的釐清。社區總體營造從文化建設出發,在社區爲核心的多元草根民主之社會動員過程中,試圖建構市民社會的認同。綜觀台灣社區議題與政策的興起,始終來自於國家的倡議,在實踐上社區總體營造所展現的是重建國家認同的積極企圖,致使草根民主的奠基讓位給民粹主義的訴求,而民眾參與則弱化爲國家用以達成特定發展政策的工具。本文針對過去十多年來社區營造工作推展成效的質疑,解析社區營造作爲國家政策的政治性意涵,進而導引對社區營造的概念構想、實質內涵、與操作模式進行反思的必要性。首先是釐清社區定義與考量城鄉差異,確實掌握鄉村與都市社會需求的不同來推展社區營造。社區產業活化及地方經濟發展是鄉村社區營造最重要的課題,而急遽都市化過程中的「社區崩解」與回應全球化與地方化的挑戰則成爲都市社區營造的核心議題。其次,都市社區營造應得到更多的關注並從更廣的視野著手,才得以與都市計畫等空間體系相連結。此外取代地方的網絡社會、多元與個人化的風格社會、與生活地點優先的新興創意階級,皆顯示了都市社區營造所面臨的多樣性挑戰。最後,由下而上民眾參與的社區營造基本理念的實踐,必須透過政治、社會、經濟等制度面的橫向調節,才能維繫社區的永續發展。

並列摘要


Community development has flourished since the Council for Cultural Affairs proposed its ”community empowerment” policy in 1994. Although policy implementation indicates a preliminary success, some important issues warrant further attention. The movement of community empowerment is rooted in cultural construction. The goal of community empowerment is to create a grassroots-oriented civil society via community-oriented social mobilization. However, the community movement in Taiwan is always a result of national initiatives. In practice, community empowerment emphasizes populist request over grass-roots democracy because it attempts to rebuild national identity. In this context, public participation is instrumental to government policies. By analyzing the political implications of community empowerment as a national policy, this study discusses the concept, content, and executive mechanisms of community empowerment. First, this study examines definitions of ”community” and emphasizes the importance of considering urban-rural differences. Community industry enhancement and local economic development are the most important goals of rural community empowerment; conversely, the collapse of communities and challenges engendered by globalization and urbanization are the core issues in urban settings. Additionally, urban communities deserve further attention. In relation to existing urban planning and spatial systems, urban community empowerment must be examined from a broad perspective. The concepts of ”network society,” ”society of lifestyle,” and ”creative class and creative city” demonstrate the diversity of such challenges to urban communities. Last, as a route to sustainable community development, the ”bottom-up” approach should be implemented through a successful collaboration of political, social, and economic institutions.

參考文獻


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被引用紀錄


李碧玲(2013)。民眾參與社區營造對社區意識影響之研究—以台北市芝山岩社區為例〔碩士論文,國立臺北科技大學〕。華藝線上圖書館。https://doi.org/10.6841/NTUT.2013.00391
陳勁宇(2013)。社區參與對於都市立面再生效益之研究 -以中壢市老街溪立面整建維護為例〔碩士論文,中原大學〕。華藝線上圖書館。https://doi.org/10.6840/cycu201400148
張淑華(2011)。都會區公寓大廈型社區網絡治理之初探:以中壢市國際會館為例〔碩士論文,元智大學〕。華藝線上圖書館。https://doi.org/10.6838/YZU.2011.00238
謝蕙春(2015)。促進社區幸福感方案之探微─以高雄市鼓山區平和里為例〔博士論文,國立暨南國際大學〕。華藝線上圖書館。https://doi.org/10.6837/NCNU.2015.00256
張力亞(2015)。永續社區的治理困境與建構策略〔博士論文,國立暨南國際大學〕。華藝線上圖書館。https://doi.org/10.6837/NCNU.2015.00023

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