中國生育政策的地區差異與青少年教育機會關係研究

Local Variations of the One-Child Policy and Adolescent Education in China

楊菊華(Ju-Hua Yang)

《人口學刊》 34期 (2007/06) Pp. 37-68

摘要

中國推行計劃生育政策的目的之一就是增進兒少福祉。然而，過往研究多注重生育政策的人口後果，因此，政策是否達到了改善兒少福祉的目的尚不清楚。本文利用2000年「中國健康與營養調查」資料，突顯出政策的地區差異和在很大程度上取決於政策的兄弟姊妹結構，探討生育政策與青少年教育機會之間的關係。本文發現，獨生子女的失學概率低於非獨生子女，尤其低於有一個哥哥或兩個以上(2+)兄弟姊妹的孩子，而獨生子女在教育方面的優勢在後義務教育階段尤其明顯。由此可見，通過教育來衡量的青少年的素質因姊妹數量的增多和兄長的存在而降低。因此，繼續宣導「優生優育」的生育理念（但這並不等於提倡「獨生子女政策」）、促進兄弟姊妹之間的胎次和性別平等、完善現行的教育制度及延長義務教育年限將有助於改善青少年的教育福祉。

關鍵字

生育政策 ； 兄弟姊妹結構 ； 青少年教育 ； 失學概率 ； 多層模型

並列摘要

One of the purposes of China's one-child policy is to improve child wellbeing. However, past studies overwhelmingly focus on policy effect on fertility, and thus, whether the policy has achieved this goal remains unclear. This paper explores the relationship between the one-child policy and school dropout among adolescent children at the turn of the century, using the 2000 CHNS data. Policy is measured directly by local variations of policy strength (strict one-child policy, girl-exception policy and two-child policy) and indirectly by sibship composition. Analytical findings suggest that policy strength does not yield an independent effect on education. However, among children who have been educated beyond compulsory education, only children have a consistent, strong advantage in schooling relative to those with an older brother or two or more siblings. The results provide evidence to support the idea that promoting sibling equality in schooling and expanding compulsory education will necessarily help increase adolescents' educational opportunities.

並列關鍵字

One-child policy ； sibship composition ； child educational wellbeing ； school dropout ； multilevel models

參考文獻

Anh, T. S.,J. Knodel,D. Lam,J. Friedman(1998).Family size and children`s education in Vietnam.Demography.35,57-70.

Blake, J.(1981).Family size and the quality of children.Demography.18,421-442.

Bryk, A. S.,S. W. Raudenbush(1992).Hierarchical Linear Models: Application and Data Analysis Methods.Newbury Park, CA:

Buchmann, C.(2000).Family structure, parental perceptions, and child labor in Kenya: What factors determines who is enrolled in school?.Social Forces.78(4),1349-1379.

Buchmann, C.,D. Brakewood(2000).Labor structures and school enrollments in developing societies: Thailand and Kenya compared.Comparative Educational Review.44,175-204.