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區域主義與東亞經濟合作

Regionalism and East Asian Economic Cooperation

摘要


區域主義的討論與實踐自一九九○年代起已經成為新的趨勢。針對東亞區域主義的發展,本文首先討論區域主義的含意。事實上,區域、區域化及區域主義是三個相互牽連的概念,但各個概念的含意非常複雜,除了地理範圍,語言、論述、文化、經濟、政治、認知及建構都包含在內。其次,就東亞國家實際合作的層面而言,東亞區域主義尚未發展到整合的地步。這可從五個方面討論。(1)東協的一九九二年「自由貿易區」成效不大。經過一九九七的金融風暴後,一九九八年的「東協投資區架構協定」是希望增加外國直接投資,但未來發展仍有隱憂及變數。(2)亞太經合會目前會員增至二十一個,但因尚未制度化,實際運作效果不彰、未來發展仍有困難,尤其九七風暴後,向心力式微。(3)東協加一(中國)於一九九七年成形,但因東協與中國處於競爭的地位,所以緩和彼此的對立是未來一大考驗。(4)東協加三(中國、日本和南韓)這個名稱於一九九九年正式啟用。中國和日本之間的相互關係是成功關鍵所在。如果雙方能化解歷史仇恨和解決利益衝突,前途將是康莊大道。(5)新雙邊主義是區域主義中的另一項發展,東亞也不例外。尤其,新加坡最為積極。是否這種情勢將正面衝擊區域主義?因其正在萌芽階段,所以未來仍有待觀察。最後,如果東亞區域主義能有進一步的發展,則本文主張,從安全與和平的角度,東亞經濟合作的提升在於落實東亞區域商業制度及強化相互投資。

並列摘要


Since the 1990s, a resurgence of interest in regionalism has occurred on the part of policy makers, business executives, and scholars. In terms of regionalism in East Asia, this paper, first of all, discusses regionalism and its related words. In fact, region, regionalization, and regionalism are concepts that both are intertwined with one another and have complex meanings that include geographic, linguistic, discursive, cultural, economic, political, cognitive, and constructivist connotations. Secondly, this paper focuses on East Asian cooperation. And it seems that East Asian regionalism has not yet been institutionalized. The discussion is divided into five parts. (A) ASEAN Free Trade Area implemented in 1992 has not achieved its original purposes. After the financial crises of 1997, AIA (ASEAN Investment Area) Framework Agreement in 1998 was planned to promote FDI. However, some uncertain factors might block the FDI. (B) APEC has now enlarged its membership to 21. Being under-institutionalized, APEC has not functioned well in terms of its projects. Inevitably, centrifugal forces could hinder future cooperation within APEC. (C) ASEAN Plus One (China) had not been formalized until 1997. Since ASEAN has been competing with China for foreign trade and FDI during the past decade, how to ameliorate mutual relationship and increase economic benefits on both sides will be a challenge in the future. (D) The term ”ASEAN Plus Three (China, Japan, and South Korea)” has been broadly used since 1999. However, the success of this association will depend on whether China gives up her historical resentment against Japan and is willing to solve conflicting interests with Japan. (E) The new bilateralism has been emerged recently along with the development of regionalism in East Asia. The most active country in signing bilateral trade agreements is Singapore. Whether this trend will counter regionalism in the opposite direction will be tested in the future. Finally, if the deepening of East Asian regionalism can be seen in the future, this paper argues that, from the perspective of security and peace, the enhancement of economic cooperation in East Asia will depend on the consolidation of commercial institutions and the increase of mutual investment among the East Asian countries.

並列關鍵字

Regionalism ASEAN APEC Ten plus One Ten plus Three New Bilateralism

參考文獻


聯合報,2003/10/8,A13
聯合報,2003/12/12,A14
聯合報,2003/12/13,A10
Acharya, Amitav(2003).Democratization and the Prospect for Participatory Regionalism in Southeast Asia.Third World Quarterly.24(2),375-390.
Anderson,Kym,Hege Norheim(1993).Regional Integration and the Global Trading System.London:Harvester Wheatsheaf.

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