歐盟多層次治理：論點與現象

Multi-Level Governance of the European Union: Theoretical and Empirical Research

藍玉春(Yu-Chun Lan)

《政治科學論叢》 24期 (2005/06) Pp. 49-75

https://doi.org/10.6166/TJPS.24(49-75)

摘要

本文嘗試以新發展之統合理論－多層次治理模式－解析持續變遷且複雜之歐盟獨特的政治體系。多層次治理途徑跳脫二分法思維來論述歐盟統合現象，如「政府間vs.超國家」之辯證、「聯邦vs.主權」之選項，而自「超國家－國家－次國家－跨國家」四層次，分析歐盟政經統合之決策機制，以了解歐盟會員國際喪失部分主權又同時保有自主性之特殊現象。幾個面向將被提出討論：(1)「國家」層次中，會員國對歐盟重要政策制定之掌控權及其限制；(2)「超國家」層次中，歐盟機構在決策程序中之議程設定之影響力，及實質權限之擴增；(3)「次國家」行為者挑戰傳統以「國家－政府」為權力中心之取向；(4)另一新的趨勢則是「跨國家」行為者聯結互動，並且繞過國家層次，直接在「超國家」層次運作。本文在結論提出關鍵角色執委會之不可或缺性、及統合所產生遠超過溢出效應的「非預期結果」之特殊現象，並認為若以更寬廣的角度審視歐盟多層次治理，則可發現，歐盟統合所反映的現象，其實已預告了二十一世紀國際政治型態複雜流動、恒常變易之後現代性。

關鍵字

歐洲聯盟 ； 歐洲統合 ； 多層次治理 ； 統合理論

並列摘要

The European Union has developed into a sui generis political system. Instead of the conventional dichotomy of ”intergovernmental” and ”supranational” arguments of the EU, this essay will take multi-level governance approach as a framework for analyzing the economic and political integration of the EU. According to the EU multi-level governance model, supranational, national, subnational, as well as transnational actors and institutions all play a key role for European integration. Some dimensions will be examined through this approach:
1. Decision making competence is shared by actors at different levels rather than monopolized at national level. The state-centric power to the EU policies remains important but meets its limits. 2. Policy making at the EU level (within the Commission and the Council) involves the loss of control for individual governments. Member States' sovereignty has been reduced by the restrictions on individual governments veto to the EU decision and by the expansion of the control of the Commission over the EU policies. 3 Political arenas are interconnected. Actors at the subnational, as well as transnational, level can by pass the national level on crucial issues.
Finally, by examining the dynamics and unique characteristics of the European integration, we can conclude that the multi-level governance of the EU represents probably a useful analytical concept for the post-sovereign modernity of international politics in the twenty-first century.

並列關鍵字

European Union ； European Integration ； Multi-level Governance ； Integration theory

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