從Schmitt之民主理論論台灣三二○公投

Schmitt's Democratic Theory and Taiwan's First Nationwide Referendums

李俊增(Chiun-Tseng Lee)

《政治科學論叢》 26期 (2005/12) Pp. 1-35

https://doi.org/10.6166/TJPS.26(1-35)

摘要

本文藉用Carl Schmitt之民主理論來探討、分析我國於二○○四年三月二十日首次舉行之全國性公民投票（下稱三二○公投）。全文主要分三個部分，首先係介紹Schmitt以其政治性概念為基礎所建構之民主理論。其次，則討論Schmitt之民主理論與公投間之一般性關係。以此討論為基礎，本文進一步探討三二○公投蘊含之意義，並指出其意義表現在以下四個面向上：(1)三二○公投的舉行係企圖藉由面對、正視中共（國）對台灣的飛彈威脅，喚醒人民之敵我意識，從而表達人民之意志，作出政治性決斷對中共說不。從某個觀點言之，在一定程度內此一企圖可以說獲得了實現；(2)但另一方面，三二○公投卻產生了反面的效果。它深化了台灣既存之國族認同分歧，從而類似於對內為友敵之區分；(3)再者，三二○公投的舉行形同是陳總統利用他本人等同於台灣此一代表性權威，提出「適當的」議題，而獲得其所代表之「人民」高度的肯認、信賴，並因此更加強化陳總統代表台灣及其「人民」之權威；(4)三二○公投表現出Schmitt所謂的依意志作出決斷之意義。

關鍵字

公民投票 ； 民主 ； 卡爾•史密特 ； 政治性概念 ； 國族認同 ； 國族民主

並列摘要

From the perspective of Carl Schmitt's democratic theory based on his concept of the political, this paper analyses Taiwan's first-ever nationwide referendums held on March 20, 2004. It concludes that the March 20 referendums have its unique significance in four respects:
1. The March 20 referendums were mainly aimed at confronting Taiwan's people with mainland China's missiles targeting Taiwan and, by means of this confrontation, to create the political entity of Tainwan's people. To some extent, the aim was realized.
2. However, on the other hand, the March 20 referendums paradoxically had negative effects. It deepened the existing diversity of national identity within Taiwan and verged on creating the internal friend-enemy distinction.
3. Schmitt defined democracy as the identity of the governed and governing. To some degree, Taiwan's democracy is imbued with the characteristic of Schmitt's concept of democracy. Under such condition, the March 20 referendums were exploited by President Chen Shui-bian to produce the acclamation from his ”people” and, through this, to reinforce the authority of his representation of Taiwanese people (or nation).
4. What the March 20 referendums expressed was ”decision through 'one' will” as Schmitt attributed to the meaning of the referendum.

並列關鍵字

referendum ； democracy ； Carl Schmitt ； the concept of the political ； national identity ； national democracy

參考文獻

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徐永明(2004)。公投民主與代議民主的關係:以台灣經驗為例。台灣民主季刊。1(2)，1-26。

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中國時報，2003/11/28，A2、A3