性別、環境與發展研究：全球氣候變化議題的性別觀點

Gender, Environment, and Developmental Studies: A Gender Perspective on Climate Change

施奕任(Yi-Jen Shih)

《政治科學論叢》 42期 (2009/12) Pp. 85-136

https://doi.org/10.6166/TJPS.42(85-136)

摘要

本文透過性別、環境與發展觀點，探討全球暖化對於發展中國家貧窮女性的影響，以及思考如何透過在國際應對暖化策略中納入性別觀點，加強發展中國家女性參與及適應暖化能力。發展中國家貧窮女性受限於既有文化的性別角色及社經弱勢，往往面對暖化牽動的天災、公共衛生、水資源利用、食物安全、非自願遷徙以及資源衝突等議題都具有高度脆弱性。本文認爲國際應對暖化的適應策略與減緩策略中應該納入性別觀點。就減緩策略來說：首先，國際氣候規範應該納入性別觀點，並且在決策與專家層級提高女性比重；其次，強化發展中國家女性得以參與國際氣候協商的社經條件；第三，確保不同性別具有接觸減排科技的平等管道。就適應策略來說，仍然應該優先在既有的國際氣候規範納入性別觀點，並反應在推動適應策略的各項政策工具，並且更爲細膩地強化適應策略的性別差異分析，包括農業、水資源、公共衛生以及資源衝突等面向。同時，適應策略應該強調知識的性別化建構，善用既有知識在自然資源管理上進行技術與制度的創新，其中包括不同性別所涵蓋的知識，更爲有效適應暖化負面效應。此外，持續推動以發展中國家貧窮女性適應暖化爲目標的適應基金作爲適應策略的經濟基礎。

關鍵字

永續發展 ； 氣候變化 ； 性別議題 ； 減緩策略 ； 適應策略

並列摘要

Based on the concept of Gender, Environment and Development (GED), this paper looks at the influence of climate change on poor women in developing countries, and discusses how to strengthen women’s capacity and participation through incorporating a gender perspective into mitigation and adaptation strategies. Because of traditional gender roles and a socially and economically disadvantaged status, women have always had a high degree of vulnerability and a low degree of adaptive ability when faced with warming-linked ecological and social problems, including natural disasters, public health issues, water resource issues, food safety issues, forced migration and resource conflicts. This paper argues that the international response to climate change should include a gender perspective in mitigation and adaptation strategies. The mitigation strategy is as follows: first, international climate regulations should take the gender issue into consideration, and increase the level of women's participation in decision-making processes; second, the United Nations, other international organizations, and national governments should strengthen the socioeconomic position of women allowing them to take part in international climate negotiations; third, the United Nations, international organizations and governments must ensure that men and women have equal accesses to environmental science and GHGs emission technology. On adaptation strategy, the United Nations and national governments should incorporate gender mainstreaming into international climate regulations. Gender mainstreaming should be reflected in adaptation-related policy tools. Moreover, governments must strengthen analysis of gender differences in adaptation strategies in areas such as agriculture, water resources, public health, and resource conflicts. At the same time, adaptation strategies should emphasize knowledge of gender-based structures in natural resource management as well as technical and institutional innovation. Furthermore, the United Nations and other international organizations should develop an adaptation fund to aid poor women's responses to climate change.

並列關鍵字

Sustainable Development ； Climate Change ； Gender ； Adaptation Strategies ； Mitigation Strategies

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