Sex-role Attitudes and the Employment of Married Women - A Detroit Area Study

已婚婦女之性別角色態度與就業之關系—底特律區域研究

呂玉瑕(Yu Hsia Lu)

《婦女與兩性學刊》 4期 (1993/03) Pp. 137-174

https://doi.org/10.6255/JWGS.1993.4.137

摘要

本研究探討性別角色態度與就業間之因果關係。數十年來美國社會的性別角色意識已大幅度的轉變，這轉變與同一時期龐大的婦女勞動力投入職業市場之關聯如何？理論上兩者互為因果，然而在個體層次上分析婦女之性別角色態度與其就業行為間之因果關係，可對以往的態度變遷理論作一次實證的探討。
本研究根據1985底特律區域研究資料，使用兩階段最小平方法(Two-State Least Squares)對250名已婚婦女分析其性別角色態度與就業間之因果關係。在分析模型中考慮個人及家庭因素（包括年齡、教育程度、宗教參與與家庭收入、子女年齡、丈夫就業與否本人健康狀態）及出身家庭背景因素（包括受訪者之母親就業狀況以及父親教育程度）。
研究結果顯示妻子性別角色態度對其就業狀況的影響大於就業對其態度的影響。進一步比較不同年齡層的婦女發現性別角色態度與就業之間的因果關係可能因年齡而異：在低年齡層的婦女中就業對其性別角色態度之影響較大，但無論高低年齡層，性別角色態度對就業的影響皆較其反向的影響大。因此婦女之性別角色態度較多可能由社會結構透過社會化過程而模塑，較少可能是調適其本身就業行為的結果。作者進一步引申性別角色意識乃是由社會結構系統中性別分工型態所支撐的，不會單獨因著調適婦女之勞動力參與而轉變。

關鍵字

性別角色態度 ； 已婚婦女就業 ； 社會化 ； 底特律 ； 兩階段最小平方法

並列摘要

This study focuses on the causal relationship between women's sex-role attitudes and labor force participation. Men's and women's attitudes toward sex roles have experienced dramatic changed since the late 1960s in the U. S., the study try to explore how the change in sex-role attitudes related to the sharp increase in women's labor force participation.
The causal relationship was investigated among a sample of 250 married women from the 1985 Detroit Area Study (DAS). Based on Two-Stage Least Squares analysis, the analysis model took into account the individual factors (age, educational attainment, religious participation), current family conditions (family income, presence of small children, husband's employment status and his health condition) and parental family background (mother's employment status, father's educational attainment).
The results indicated that a married woman's sex-role attitudes are more likely to affect rather than to be affected by her employment status, but the reciprocal relationship between sex-role attitudes and employment may vary with different age groups in that the effect of employment on sex-role attitudes may be stronger among younger groups. The findings suggest that women's sex-role attitudes are a product of the socialization process which is directed by the social structure, rather than a consequence of adaptation to their employment status. Therefore, women's sex-role attitudes are less likely to shift only in response to their employment because these attitudes are supported by sex-based labor division in the social structure as a whole.

並列關鍵字

sex-role attitudes ； married woment's employment ； socialization ； Detroit ； two-stage least squares