婦運對兒童保護之影響

本文試圖檢視婦運在歷史脈落中對兒童保護的影響，橫跨百餘年的美國兒童保護運動提供了豐富的素材可供分析。二十世紀末的兒童虐待仍被建構為少數特例家庭內的不當親子互動是有其淵源的，可由十九世紀後期第一波以「個人道德論述」呈現的兒保運動略見端倪，而二十世紀的第二波兒保運動雖改以「醫療論述」面貌出現，但仍不脫其社會控制色彩的個體特質觀點。婦運人士認為兒童虐待現象實為家庭內性别權力結構不均的體現，意圖破解兒童虐待為特定階層專利的神話，但隨著十九世紀末家庭法律之擴張，婦運的介入逐漸勢微。七○年代婦運重現，雖然對母職的看法與童運人士不同，但卻為揭露孩童性虐待之主導者，然而隨著醫療專業介入、男性主控之福利論述使得性虐待所隱含之性別政治及家內權力議題再次被淡化。相對於美國百餘年其間婦運與童運的聯結或對立，臺灣地區則由於此兩類運動興起歷史尚短，並未有明顯的關聯。但若以「反雛妓運動」為例，則提供有趣的案例。婦運團體的訴求議題由「反色情」擴及「人口販賣」、「原住民人權」，再轉換為凡關心兒童保護的成人都有責任對抗的「兒童性剝削」，成功的結合了兒童議題。而所發展的社區處遇及立法倡導策略無疑也豐富了「兒童虐待預防」的視野。值得深思的是，「雛妓現象」雖提供了婦運與兒童保護的交集，但是否也凸顯在現階段臺灣公共場域中，「女性議題」不及「兒童議題」受社會肯定的困境？

關鍵字

兒童虐待；兒童保護；婦女運動；雛妓；兒童性剝削

並列摘要

Given the rich data of the American child protection, the impact of the women's movement on child protection in the historical context is examined. The first wave of the protection movement based on an ”individual moral discourse” in the late 19th century constructed child abuse as inadequate parent-child interaction restricted to particular families till the late 20th century. The second wave in the name of ”medical discourse”, continued the social control perspective based on individual characteristics. The feminists, regarding child abuse as the demonstration of unequal gender relations within the family power structure, intended to decode the myth of ”child abuse as domain of low SES families”, but the expansion of family law in the late 19th century further threatened the women's movement. Reemerging in the 70's, though viewing motherhood differently from the traditional child welfare scholars, feminists disclosed the prevalence of child sexual abuse in the families. Nevertheless, the arise of medical profession and male-dominant welfare discourse again eased the gender politics and power issue within a family. In contrast to the close relation between women's movement and child protection in the U.S., it is not so clear in Taiwan due to the limited history they held. However, in the case of ”anti-child-prostitution”, interesting finding could be observed. Issues from ”anti-prostitution” expanded to ”anti-human-trafficking” and ”human rights of mountain people”, and finally transformed into ”anti-child-sexual-exploitation” which involved every concerned citizen. The community projects and legislations advocated by the women's groups also enlarged child abuse prevention aspect. Although ”child prostitution” provides an overlaping concern shared by women's movement and child protection, does it also signalize ”child” issue superior to ”women” issue in nowadys Taiwan?

並列關鍵字

child abuse ； child protection ； medical discourse ； women's movement ； child prostitute ； sexual exploitation

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婦運對兒童保護之影響

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