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經濟發展中婦女的工作及其家庭地位:華南農村的比較研究

Women's Work and Family Status in Economic Development: A Study of Southern - China Villages

摘要


1978年以後,中亞大陸的經濟發展進入了新的階段,在農村由於鄉鎮企業的發展,人們的經濟生活與家庭生活都產生大幅度的戶變。本研究藉著在華南沿海地區經濟發展模式不同的農村的比較研究來探討不同的社會經濟發展模式如何透過勞動市場及家庭組織之運作影響婦女經濟活動的參與以及工作型態,並進一步分析在不同的經濟發展模式下女性經濟活動對其家庭地位的影響。 本研究以深入訪談與問卷調查的方式搜集資料共有深入訪談個案32戶及抽樣調查樣本200戶。此外亦藉著對當地報導人的訪問以及參考過去的文獻瞭解當地過去的社會經濟結構背景以及女性經濟角色及地位的歷史以便探討在經濟改革後女性經濟角色及家庭地位的變遷。 本研究發現婦女的就業型態因當地經濟發展模式不同而有顯著差別;在松江地區,集體企業為主的經濟發展型態提供大量薪資工作的機會,因此農村婦女在經濟改革後普遍從事受雇工作,另一方面,晉江地區以家庭個體事業為主的經濟發展型態提供大量自家企業內經營及管理的工作,所以農村婦女為家庭企業工作甚普遍。 婦女就業型態的不同也影響農村家庭內性別分工及婦女地位,在松江的婦女出外就業以後,家務分工方式以夫妻共同分控為主,而且夫妻之間有平權的趨勢,以婦女在家庭的決策地位而言,絕大多數家庭以夫妻協商方式決定家庭動要決策。與松江比較起來,晉江在經濟改革後女性傳統角色以及地位仍相當持續,晉江婦女有相當多數在自家個體事業或家庭農場工作,多為家務主要負責人。家庭事務的決策,雖有不低的比率是夫妻共同決定,但以丈夫為主要決策者的比率卻顯著高於松江。 兩地后囡性地位改變的差異可能在於女性的勞動是否帶來獨立的收入,在現代化企業內從事薪資工作的松江婦女,所賺取的收入及對家庭經濟的顯聊貢獻使他們的相對資洚增加,也帶來較平等的家務分工以及決策地位。對晉江的婦女而言,妻子為自己家庭企業工作被視為家庭角色的廷伸,沒有帶來獨立的收入,因此她們參與現代企業勞動後傳統「男主外,女主內」的性別角色區分並沒有顯著改變。 然而在家庭個體事業工作的女性雖沒有獨立的收入,她們在家庭事業經營上的獨特的責任卻可能帶來在家庭事業經營及家庭決策上的商議權力及發展的空間。

並列摘要


This study compares women’s work and their familial status between two rural areas In Southern China which have undergone different modes of economic development. The main purpose is to explore the variety of women’s economic activities during economic development and the influence of those activities on their familial status. Based on the in-depth interviews of 32 cases and a sampling survey of 200 cases, this study found that women’s work patterns are significantly different between the two modes of local economic development. Women are more likely to be involved in wage work rather than self-employed or unpaid family work in Sung-Chiang where the economic development is primarily based on government-level, collective enterprises while in Jing-Chiang, where the economic development primarily based on private family enterprises, women are more likely to be unpaid family workers for their famil firms. The findings indicate further that women’s work patterns may contribute to the significant difference of women’s familial status between the two areas. Those Sung-Chiang women who mostly work at the collective business are more likely to share the decision making at hoe with their husband than their counterparts in Jing-Chiang, where the traditional norms of gender roles are largely persisted. It’s possible that Sung-Chiag women’s independent income from their wang work increases their relative resources and thereby their family status. However, the findings of case analysis disclose the possibility that in spite of the persisting gender norms, those Jing-Chiang women can be empowered through their involvement in the family business assuming their responsibility under the survival strategy of the family firms.

並列關鍵字

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被引用紀錄


盧怡琦(2013)。農會輔導農村婦女開創副業經營班經營成效之研究〔碩士論文,國立臺灣大學〕。華藝線上圖書館。https://doi.org/10.6342%2fNTU.2013.02389
戴君怡(2012)。相對地位對生育決策的影響-以女性收入及教育為例〔碩士論文,國立中央大學〕。華藝線上圖書館。https://www.airitilibrary.com/Article/Detail?DocID=U0031-1903201314441597

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