歷時與共時的交會：從伊里亞斯的文明化過程到布迪厄的生活風格研究

The Encounter of Norbert Elias' Civilizing Process with the Life-style Studies of Pierre Bourdieu: A Contrast

胡正光(Cheng-Kuang Hu)

《東吳社會學報》 18期 (2005/06) Pp. 43-80

https://doi.org/10.6417/SJS.200506.0043

摘要

德國社會學者伊里亞斯（Norbert Elias）在歐洲文明化的研究上是個獨樹一幟的傳統，他標榜的「形態」、「過程」雖然不是今日的主流，不過他對文明如何發展的看法，卻深具啟發性。本文的第一個目的，就在介紹伊里亞斯的分析概念，他對「人的科學」（Menschenwissenschaften）的理念，以及一些對「文明化過程」的主要批評。第二個目的，在於藉助布迪厄（Pierre Bourdieu）的「思想工具」（thinking tools）－習性（habitus）、場域（field）、資本（capital），來描繪伊里亞斯的「宮廷社會」（court society），以證明二人概念上的相似之處，以及理論上的互補性。本文的結論是，首先，伊里亞斯的歷史分析之缺點，在於「形態」概念過於廣泛，以致於描述多於分析，他必須利用更多的分析概念，才有助於解釋「過程」。對此，布迪厄的文化社會學對「形態」是個很好的補充。其次，布迪厄的「資本」分類沒有顧及到暴力的面向，是一個缺點。「暴力」既然沒有從社會完全絕跡，且當它可以合法或非法地轉化為其他資本時，我們就不能忽視它的存在。在這方面，伊里亞斯足以提醒我們，社會學對人以及社會的假設都過於受到「文明化」的影響。第三，兩位遑論家都試圖消弭結構與行動的對立，然而，他們這部分的成就仍然難以評斷。因為，若「社會」是一個集體的概念，對「規則」的探討將無可避免佔據比較重要的位置，若說社會學先天上傾向結構的研究，也不足為怪，社會學理論似乎不應再執著於「行動」與「結構」孰重的爭辯上。

關鍵字

伊里亞斯 ； 布迪厄 ； 形態 ； 文明化過程 ； 習性

並列摘要

The German sociologist Norbert Elias is an academic legend in the twentieth century: although ”figuration” and ”process” are not dominant concepts at the present, his notion of civilization can still provide instructive advices for the cultural studies in sociology. This essay would therefore at first introduce the main analytical concepts of Elias, his idea of ”human sciences” (Menschenwissenschaften) and some critics about the ”civilizing process”. Then it would be the ”court society” of Elias observed from another perspective with the ”thinking tools” of Pierre Bourdieu -”habitus”, ”field” and ”capital”, in order to show that there are many similarities between the two theories, and it seems that they are even complementary to each other.The conclusions would be that, first; the concept of figuration is so general that the theory of civilization could be more descriptive than analytical. Elias must find some supplementary conceptions, for examples that derive from the life-style studies of Bourdieu can be helpful to explain the process of civilization more lively and reflexively. Second, the classification of capitals has no place for physical violence, which can transform into other categories of capitals legally or illegally and cannot be eliminated from our everyday life, so that it should not be appropriate to dismiss the role of violence. About this, Elias' point of view reminds us that the assumptions of Homo sapiens and of society in sociology are now so ”civilized” that we have nearly forgotten our biological natures. Third, the try of both Elias and Bourdieu to solve the conflict between ”structure” and ”action” seems difficult to be evaluated, since ”society” is a collective concept, the order of the society would therefore occupy the primary position in the sociological studies.

並列關鍵字

Norbert Elias ； Pierre Bourdieu ； figuration ； civilizing process ； habitus

參考文獻

沈游振(2003)。論布迪厄的傑出階級與反思社會學。哲學與文化。30(11)，93-120。

Baumgart, Ralf,Volker Eichener(1997).Norbert Elias zur Einfuhrung.Hamburg:Junius Verlag.

Bourdieu, Pierre(1983).Soziale Ungleichheiten, soziale Welt, Kreckel, Reinhard.Gottingen:Nomos.

Bourdieu, Pierre(1984).Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Tast.Cambridge, Massachusetts:Harvard University Press.

Bourdieu, Pierre(1998).Practical Reason.Stanford:Stanford University Press.