尼諾論極惡之懲罰：一些商榷

本本文檢討尼諾的證成懲罰的學說。他的學說反對應報主義，擁護預防主義，並且以同意理論精緻化。本文檢討及反駁他的同意理論，除了說明一般認為的應報主義與預防主義之對立不恰當外，並且指出預防主義的內在困難，評量同意於證成懲罰中之地位，及它是否可以作為證成懲罰之必要條件。此外，本文反駁尼諾主張應報主義蘊含主觀主義、反駁奧迪版而尼諾採用的可責備與決定論相容論、反駁尼諾對性格理論的批評、反駁應報主義不能懲罰極惡的說法等。更重要的是本文指出在打破應報主義與預防主義的不當對立後，我們可以期待一適當安排應受、同意及效益的地位的理論。

關鍵字

尼諾；懲罰；同意；證成；極惡；應報主義；預防主義

並列摘要

Nino's doctrine of justifying punishment is examined in this article. He speaks against retributivism, espouses and refines preventionism with his consensus theory of punishment. While evaluating and refuting his doctrine this article explains why the prevailing popular contrast between retributivism and preventionism is not adequate. It argues against preventionism, explores the status of consensus, and sets its limits. Moreover, this article rejects Nino's thesis that retributivism entails subjectivism, rebuts a version of compatibilism about blameworthiness and determinism proposed by Audi and followed by Nino, opposes Nino's critics on the theory of character, as well as demolishes the thesis that retributivists cannot punish radical evil, etc. Finally, this article points out that breaking the inadequate opposition between retributivism and preventionism may lead to a theory which properly give deserving, consensus and social utility the roles they deserve.