並列摘要
Discourses on ruling have dominated political theory since its birth. In its basic sense, ruling means to exercise power over others for the purpose of controlling them. The activity of ruling divides people into the rulers and the ruled, and hence brings into existence a relation of domination and subjugation. Humanity's long-lasting relationship with monarchism has represented the apogee of ruling and our current understanding of ruling bears witness to this monarchical residue. This article attempts to analyze the nature of ruling and to scrutinize how the existing understanding of ruling limits the potential of further democratic improvement. As a theoretical endeavor aiming at the remaking of collective life, this article argues that a new understanding of popular sovereignty, i.e. defensive popular sovereignty, can better enrich citizenship by lessening the domineering aspect of political life.
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