牟宗三思想中的儒家與康德

Confucianism and Kantianism in Mou Tsung-san's Thought

李明輝(Ming-Huei Lee)

《鵝湖學誌》 10期 (1993/06) Pp. 57-90

https://doi.org/10.29653/LS.199306.0003

摘要

在當代新儒學底代表人物中，牟宗三先生以藉康德哲學詮釋儒家思想著稱，這並非出於偶然，而是由於這兩者之間有其內在的關聯。牟先生之所以藉康德哲學詮釋儒家思想，其主要理由約有三點：第一，康德對「現象」與「物自身」所作的區分提供了一個完整的義理架構，可爲儒家底內聖外王之學一個恰當的定位，第二，康德堅持實踐理性優先於思辨理性，爲儒家底「道德的形上學」提供了依據。第三，康德在西方首度提出「自律」底概念，造成所謂「倫理學中的哥白尼式革命」，而儒家倫理學正是以「自律倫理學」爲主流。但在另一方面，牟先生並未停留在康德哲學底原有形態中，而是透過對康德哲學的反省和修正來詮釋儒家思想。他對康德哲學的修正主要有兩點：第一，他重新詮釋「物自身」底概念，將它提升爲一個具有價值意味的概念，並且藉「智的直覺」底概念來詮釋儒家底本心良知。第二，他指出康德底義理架構是一個情、理二分的架構，無法極成「道德自律」之義，「道德自律」之義只能在儒家「心即理」底義理架構中充分顯示出來。牟先生底這套詮釋爲儒家思想在現代文化中重新予以定位，對於我們思考中國現代化底問題頗有啓發作用。

關鍵字

現象 ； 物自身 ； 智的直覺 ； 康德 ； 道德的形上學

並列摘要

Among the representatives of contemporary Confucians, Mou Tsung-san is known for his interpretation of Confucianism based on Kant's philosophy. This is not a coincidence. Rather, there is an inherent connection beween the two. There are three reasons why Moo interprets Confucian thought by means of Kant's philosophy: (1) Kant has made a clear distinction between ”appearance” and ”thing-in-itself”, which provides a comprehensive framework for the understanding of Confucianism. (2) Kant maintains that practical reason is superior to speculative reason, which provides a theoretical basis for the ”moral metaphysics” of Confucianism, (3) Kant brought forth the concept of ”autonomy” for the first time in the West, which resulted in the ”Copernican revolution in ethics”. By contrast, the ”ethics of autonomy” is the mainstream of Confucian ethics.On the other hand, Moo does out completely stick to Kant's philosophy. He in fact engages in a critique of Kant's philosophy while using it to interpret Confucianism. There are two points is Kant's philosophy that Moo has made revisions: (1) He reinterprets the concept of ”thing-in-itself” and elevates it to a valuative level, Moreover, he uses the concept of ”intellectual intuition” to interpret the Confucian concept of ”liang-chih” (良知), (2) He points out that in the framework of Kant's philosophy, there is s bifurcation of emotion and reason, and as a result, Kant's thesis of ”moral autonomy” is not convincing enough. In Mou's opinion, ”moral autonomy” can only be folly realized in the philosophical framework of Confucianism, which maintains that ”the moral mind is identical with the moral law”, Moss interpretation has attached on important place to Confucianism in the modern culture and inspires us to reflect on the issue of modernization in China.

並列關鍵字

appearance ； thing-in-itself ； intellectual intuition ； Kant ； moral metaphysics

參考文獻

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