“V-卻－(O)”結構演變研究

「V–卻－（O）」結構經過連動式、並列式＞動補式＞動詞＋動相補語＞動詞＋完成體助詞的演變過程。本文認為動相補語「卻」的來源有兩條路線：（一）動詞（退、使退）＞趨向補語（泛表“離去”義）＞動相補語（二）動詞（去除）＞結果補語（類似“掉”義）＞動相補語。誘發「卻」語法化的背後動因主要受到動詞語義制約，以及由客體脫離、客體消失、不在掌握範圍中到事件完成的轉變。其中由結果補語到動相補語的演變，肇端於搭配帶去除義的瞬間動詞與形容詞。「卻」的語法意義：充當趨向補語是主事者離去或客體脫離，結果補語是客體去除、消失，動相補語表完成，同時附加客體消失、不在掌握範圍中的語義，完成體助詞相當「了」的用法。「V+卻＋（O）」結構在南宋時期使用頻率出現下降趨勢，元明之後已不流行，成為一個弱式。消亡原因主要是受到帶去除義動詞的搭配限制以及「了」「掉」詞彙興替的影響。

關鍵字

卻；了；掉；趨向補語；結果補語；動相補語；完成體助詞；動貌標記

並列摘要

The structure of ”V-Que 卻-(O)”evolved from the serial-verb construction and coordinate construction ＞ Verb + Complement Construction ＞ Verb + Phase Complement Construction ＞ Verb + Perfective aspect marker. This paper claims that the phase complement ”que 卻” has two origins: (1) a verb which means ”withdraw” and ”enable to withdraw” ＞ Deicitc Complement ＞ Phase Complement (2) a verb which means ”prune off” ＞ result complement ＞ phase complement. Grammaticalization of ”que 卻” is motivated by the semantic restriction of the verb and by the transformation starting from object leaving off and vanishing, to the completion of an uncontrollable event. Moreover, the evolution of result complement to phase complement started with achievement verbs and adjectives with the meaning of ”prune off”. The grammatical meaning of ”que 卻” is as follows: (a) as deicitc complement, it denotes the leaving off of agents or objects (b) as result complement, it denotes withdraw and vanishment of objects (c) as phase complement, it denotes completion of an event and uncontrollable vanishment of the object (d) as perfective aspect marker, it has the same usage of ”le 了”. The usage frequency of the ”V-Que 卻-(O)” structure declined in the South-Song dynasty, and the structure phased out in the Yuan and Ming dynasty. Therefore, it became a non-mainstream structure. Its extinction is affected by the restriction on the usage of verbs meaning ”prune off”, and by the substitution of ”le 了” for ”tiau 掉”.