論魚豢《魏略》的三國史圖像

How Do Yu Huan Construction's the Three Kingdoms History Image in His Book Weilüe (or Brief Account of the Wei Dynasty)

王文進(Wen-Chin Wang)

《中國學術年刊》 33_2期 (2011/09) Pp. 1-33

https://doi.org/10.6238/SIS.201109_(33-2).0001

摘要

中國歷史上有一段風起雲湧、詭譎多變的分裂時期，這段歷史就是著名的三國時代。所謂三國的歷史，一般是就魏、蜀、吳三國的角逐爭霸史而言，但是真正形成三國風起雲湧的前三國時期，其實才是這段歷史最精采的前奏曲，因此廣義地說則應由漢靈帝（168-189）中平元年（184）「黃巾之亂」開始講起。如在陳壽（233-297）的《三國志》中所描寫的英雄人物往往與「黃巾之亂」息息相關，而北宋的司馬光（1019-1086）在《資治通鑑》中也對「黃巾之亂」一事特別長篇著墨，而日後羅貫中《三國演義》的故事，其實就是由「黃巾之亂」帶出「桃園三結義」而展開序幕，直至晉武帝（266-290）於太康元年（280），王濬率軍渡江平吳為止。但在三國故事流傳的軌跡中，南朝宋裴松之（372-451）所奉敕作的《三國志注》卻是易遭人忽略的環節，尤其在《裴注》中蒐集了許多陳壽生前汰選後棄而不用，或於身後重新發掘之歷史文獻，讓三國史的面貌更為多元與完備。而裴松之《三國志注》對魚豢《魏略》的搜集不僅幫助其中珍貴的曹魏史料得以保存，也成為許多日後所流傳的三國故事之謎的關鍵線索，故《魏略》不僅補充了陳壽《三國志》中對曹魏歷史語焉不詳之處，也提供了後世史家觀察曹魏歷史的另一途徑。尤其是身為北方曹魏史家的魚豢，也用盡心機藉摧毀敵國蜀漢政權的「三顧茅廬」之神話以破壞劉備（161-223）、孔明（181-234）君臣相知相惜的美談；更試圖捏造魏延「子午奇謀」的詭計，與誇大「孟達來降」之委屈，以突顯諸葛亮拙於戰略，與識人無方的愚昧；更進而突顯蜀漢政爭內鬥的惡況，塑造諸葛亮專權跋扈之形象，完全顛覆傳統對諸葛亮的認知。但魚豢亦不忘強調專美本國曹魏之意，可見在其書中明顯存在偏袒北方曹魏之立場，也相對表現出三國時期，南北對立、劍拔弩張的衝突局面。是以本文將以魚豢《魏略》為例，深入掘發出處於魏晉分裂之局，各國史家對於歷史事件所做出的不同解讀，藉此釐清三國故事中許多以訛傳訛的來源線索，以更能貼近歷史的真實。

關鍵字

三國史 ； 裴松之《三國志注》 ； 魚豢 ； 《魏略》 ； 《三國志演義》 ； 諸葛亮 ； 三顧茅廬 ； 子午道奇謀 ； 南北對立

並列摘要

In Pei Songzhi's Commentary to Records of Three Kingdoms, materials from Yu Huan's Weilüe (or Brief Account of the Wei Dynasty) were extensively quoted, which not only replenished the insufficiency in Chen Shou's Records of Three Kingdoms but also provided important basis for historians to study the truth of the history of Cao Wei. In his works, Yu Huan not only revealed the cunning tactics employed by various powerful figures at the end of Han Dynasty, but also did everything he could to demolish the legend of the 'harmonious' friendship between Liu Bei and Kong Ming, as the one between the lord and the liege, via destroying the myth of ”Liu Bei's thrice personal visit.” He also attempted to fabricate a 'Zih Wu Scheme' for Wei Yan and exaggerated the oppressive side of 'The surrender of Meng Da' so as to emphasis Kong Ming's failure in war planning and his being unable to see through people.Furthermore, he described in detail the battle achievements of warriors of Wei as an attempt to intensify his preference of Wei. As it turned out, the preference for Wei was already visible in Yu Huan's works, which in turn exemplified the intense situation between Northern and Southern China during the Three Kingdoms era. Yu Huan's works revealed how Kong Ming had become a huge threat to the Wei Kingdom at that time, and in effect made Kong Ming a focal point for Yu Huan to develop antagonistic discourse to the extend that motivated Yu Huan to destroy Kong Ming's legendary image by every means.

並列關鍵字

the history of Three Kingdoms ； Pei Songzhi's Commentary to Records of Three Kingdoms ； Yu Huan ； Weilüe (or Brief Account of the Wei Dynasty) ； Romance of the Three Kingdoms ； Zhuge Liang ； Liu Bei's thrice personal visit ； Zih-Wu Dao Scheme ； conflict between north and south

參考文獻

宋宋祁、宋歐陽修(1997)。新唐書。北京:中華書局。

明張居正、明呂調陽編、涂道坤譯(2002)。帝鑑圖說—領導者必備的八十一種品格。臺北:正展出版社。

明羅貫中、盛巺昌補證(2007)。三國演義補證本。上海:上海人民出版社。

明羅貫中、清毛宗崗批評、孟昭連(2006)。三國演義。長沙=Cheung Sha:岳麓書社=YueLu Book Co.。

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