台灣檬果病害之發生現況與其病害管理

Current Status on Occurrence and Management of Major Diseases of Mango in Taiwan

安寶貞(P. J. Ann) ； 蔡志濃(J. N. Tsai) ； 倪蕙芳(H. F. Ni) ； 楊宏仁(H. R. Yang)

《植物病理學會刊》 22卷2期 (2013/06) Pp. 67-92

https://doi.org/10.6649/PPB.201306_22(2).0001

摘要

台灣檬果之重要傳染性病害包括白粉病、炭疽病、蒂腐病、果腐病、煤煙病、黑斑病及藻斑病等。其中嚴重影響產量與商品價值者為炭疽病、蒂腐病、果腐病及黑斑病，尤其以炭疽病為最，是檬果外銷之限制因子。白粉病多發生於春季2－4月，主要為害花穗、幼果及幼嫩葉片，愈南部地區發病愈嚴重，一般以藥劑防治即可妥善控制病情。炭疽病全年均可發生，主要為害幼嫩枝條、未展開葉片、花穗、果實及受傷組織，病菌並可行潛伏感染，造成後熟果實腐敗，與老熟葉片出現黑斑、黃化及落葉；目前台灣各種栽培品種均甚罹病，‘愛文’亦極為感病；降雨與高濕有利炭疽病害發生；病害防治須加強田間衛生綜合管理、注意整枝修剪、清園、定期施藥及早期套袋，其他非農藥防治方法，如施用有拮抗微生物與地面覆蓋，亦有相當之防治成效。蒂腐病與果腐病主要為害採收後之果實，造成果實快速腐敗，除早期套袋與施用推廣藥劑防治外，避免降雨時採果、注意採果技術及避免果實受傷等為主要之因應對策。黑斑病為細菌性病害，為害果實與受傷之枝條、葉片，在風大地區與颱風季節病害發生最為嚴重。品種間以晚熟種‘凱特’較為感病，在來種亦甚為感病；病害防治應注意田間衛生、清除罹病組織、鋸除高大間植之感病樹種、在風大地區栽植防風林與改種較耐病品種、施用銅劑及早期套袋等，為防治本病害之策略。煤煙病在管理不善的果園經常發生，防治本病害應加強田間衛生管理與防治分泌蜜露之昆蟲。疫病引起的果腐病在降雨季節偶有發生，應注意套袋技術，避免帶菌雨水流入紙袋。藻斑病在潮濕之環境易發生，嚴重時可以銅劑防除。

關鍵字

檬果 ； 病害防治 ； 炭疽病 ； 蒂腐病 ； 果腐病 ； 黑斑病 ； 白粉病

並列摘要

In Taiwan, the major infectious diseases of mango (Mangifera indica) are blossom powdery mildew, anthracnose, stem end rot and fruit rot, sooty mould, bacterial black spot and algae spot. Among them, anthracnose, stem end rot and fruit rot caused by fungal pathogens, and black spot caused by bacterial pathogen are the most important diseases, causing severe economic losses. For example, anthracnose of mango was considered one of the major limiting factors affecting domestic and export markets of mango fruits. Powdery mildew of mango occurs in the spring from February to April annually. The pathogen mainly damages spikes, young fruits and young leaves, causing premature fallen of flowers, young fruits and leaves. Pesticides applied at the right time can effectively control the disease. Mango anthracnose occurs year-round in Taiwan. The fungi, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and P. acutatum, usually attack flowers, fruits, young shoots, immature leaves and other wounded tissues, and cause blight, necrosis, spots as well as fallen of infected tissues prematurely. Also, the anthracnose pathogens are capable of establishing as ”latent infection” in growing leaves and fruits and the disease symptoms are visible only when the infected fruits and leaves are matured. Most of the commercial mango varieties in Taiwan, including the most popular variety 'Irwin', are susceptible to anthracnose. High humidity from frequent rainfall is the most important factor favorable for the development of anthracnose disease. Integrated disease management (IDM) is recommend as an important strategy for control of anthracnose and the methods for IDM include field sanitation, pruning and removal of diseased twigs and leaves, scheduled chemical sprays, bagging at early fruit formation stage, application of antagonistic microorganisms and covering orchard ground with vinyl sheets. Stem end rot and fruit rot caused by Botryosphaeriaceae are the major postharvest diseases of mango fruits. Infected fruits develop symptoms of soft rot rapidly during storage period. Methods to control stem end rot and fruit rot of mango include early fruit bagging and chemical control in the field, adequate fruit picking skill to avoid injury of fruit tissues and avoid harvesting fruits in rainy days. Bacterial black spot of mango, caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. mangiferaeindicae, occurs on fruits and other wounded tissues, including leaves, stems and trunks in the orchard. The disease is most serious in regions with gusty wind or during typhoon season, which often causes severe damages to mango fruits, leaves and branches. The late-maturing varieties 'Keitt' mango and many native mango varieties are highly susceptible to bacterial black spot. The methods for managing this disease include field sanitation, removal of susceptible varieties in a mixed plantation, planting resistant varieties, establishing windbreaks for orchards in windy areas, early fruit bagging, and chemical control using copper compounds. Sooty mould caused by Ascomycetes and black mildew caused by Meliola mangiferae occur generally in poorly managed orchards. These diseases are managed by field sanitation and control of honeydew-secreting insects. Phytophthora fruit rot caused by Phytophthora palmivora occurs occasionally in the rainfall season and the disease can be managed by the fruit bagging method to avoid infestation of mango fruits by the pathogen. Algal leaf spot occurs under humid weather and the disease can be prevented by application of copper compounds.

並列關鍵字

mango ； Mangifera indica ； disease control ； anthracnose ； stem end rot ； fruit rot ； bacterial black spot ； powdery mildew ； algae