清朝中葉以來藏族的習俗變遷－以古伯察神父的西藏旅行筆記為基礎的探討

The Custom Changes of the Tibetans After the Mid-Qing Dynasty - A Discussion Based on Father Regis-Evariste Huc's Travel Notes to Tibet

張駿逸(Jiunnu-Yih Chang)

《輔仁歷史學報》 27期 (2011/09) Pp. 29-50

https://doi.org/10.29439/FJHJ.201109.0002

摘要

法籍神父古伯察與Jopseph Gabet神父於1844年8月3日出發，經過18個月程，於1846年1月29日抵達拉薩，兩個月後被駐藏大臣琦善驅逐、解往四川打箭爐。他們是最先進入西藏的法國人，也是少數幾個由那裡活著出來的歐洲人。由他的筆記中，看出拉薩當時就是一個貿易大城，所以文化的影響是來自各方面的。諸如當時的衛藏婦女在出門之前必須以黑色顏料醜化面容，以表示自己不會勾引喇嘛，藉之顯示對宗教的虔誠、提高社會地位、但顯然這個習俗也發生了改變。然而葬俗的部分就是變遷緩慢的代表，根據古伯察神父的觀察，當時的西藏社會雖然盛行碎屍葬俗，但卻不是現在所施行的天葬，而是將屍體餵狗；據考證大夏人與安息人亦有將屍體餵狗的習俗，所以它可能是受到來自西藏西部民族的影響。將古伯察神父的記載與其他旅行者的記錄做一對照，如此方能使我們更了解西藏的文化。

關鍵字

古伯察 ； 琦善 ； 天葬 ； 藏族習俗

並列摘要

French priest Regis-Evariste Huc and Jopseph Gabet left for Tibet on August 3rd, 1844. After having traveled for 18 months, they arrived Lhasa on January 29, 1846. They stayed in Lhasa for only 46 days before they were deported by the Manchurian Amban Qi-shan. They were the first French ever visited Tibet, they were also one of the very few European visitors ever survived from Tibet. We understand that Tibet was an important trade city, so Lhasa had influence from all over. For instance, during those days, women in the areas of dBus and Gtsang had to make themselves ugly by smearing black ink on the face just to prove that were religious that they would not seduce lamas; but this custom is no more practiced today. However the custom of sky burial is much harder to change, we believe this custom was originally practiced among Tibet's western neighboring ethnic groups. We may understand more about Tibetan culture by comparing the notes of Father Huc's and other travelers'.

並列關鍵字

Regis-Evariste Huc ； Qi-shan ； sky burail ； Tibetan customs

參考文獻

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