中國大陸企業所得稅制改革的政治經濟意涵

The Reforms of Enterprise Income Tax in China: The Denotation of Political Economy

張敏蕾(Ming-Lei Chang)

《政治學報》 45期 (2008/06) Pp. 27-66

https://doi.org/10.6229/CPSR.2008.45.02

摘要

本研究主要目的在比較中國大陸現行《企業所得稅暫行條例》與《外商投資企業和外國企業所得稅法》，透過實證資料證實兩種不同的企業所得稅在平均有效稅率的差異；據此分析兩種所得稅法在租稅規範、優惠與減免上的異同；並藉以說明中國大陸即將採行的新制企業所得稅制，其改革背後的政治與經濟意涵。不同於以往研究僅就所得稅法規做比較；本研究進一步配合上市公司所得稅資料，分析上市企業的內、外資企業其所得稅稅負差異產生的原因，藉以釐清兩稅制在實際施行時，影響企業租稅負擔的因素。研究結果顯示，適用《外資企業所得稅法》的企業，平均有效稅率為8.62%；而適用《內資企業所得稅法》者，平均有效稅率為17.34%；後者的平均有效稅率顯著高於前者；同時，迴歸分析亦證實，適用《內資企業所得稅法》的企業，其平均有效稅率顯著較高。對適用《內資企業所得稅法》者，企業規模、資本密集度、期末存貨額與企業槓桿呈顯著正向關係；而長期投資額、有控制力的分支機構數及資產報酬成長率則呈顯著反向關係。至於適用《外資企業所得稅法》者，規模與資本密集度呈顯著正向關係；長期投資、企業槓桿則呈顯著反向關係。

關鍵字

外商投資企業和外國企業所得稅法 ； 有效稅率 ； 企業所得稅暫行條例 ； 政治成本假說 ； 租稅改革

並列摘要

This paper intends to compare ”Enterprise Income Tax Provisional Regulations” and ”Foreign Investment Enterprises and Foreign Enterprises Income Tax Law,” employing empirical data to identify the differences in average effective tax rates (ETRs) under two kinds of enterprise tax regulations and to analyze tax regulations, favor measures and deductions in the tax regulations mentioned above. Also, I intend to explain the background and meanings of the enterprise income tax reform from the view point of political economy. What distinguishes this paper from traditions approaches, which mainly focus on comparing income tax regulations is that it bases on actual income tax data of listed companies and analyzes the causes of differences in the income tax burdens between domestic and foreign capital listed companies in order to find out how implementation and practices of those two tax regulations affect enterprises' tax burdens. This paper concludes that the average ETR of companies that apply foreign investment enterprise is 8.62% and that of companies that apply domestic-capital enterprise is 17.34%; the later is significant higher than the former. The regression analysis also concurs with the finding that the average ETR of companies that apply domestic capital enterprise is significantly higher. For companies that apply domestic capital enterprise tax law, the size of enterprise, density of capital, ending inventory and leverage have significant positive correlations and the amount of long-term investment, the number of controlled branches and the growth rates of asset returns have negative correlations. For companies that apply foreign investment enterprise tax law, size and the density of capital have significant positive correlations; amount of long-term investment and leverage have significant negative correlations.

並列關鍵字

Effective tax rates ； Enterprise income Tax Provisional Regulations ； Foreign Investment Enterprises and Foreign Enterprises Income Tax Law ； Tax Reform ； Political cost hypothesis

參考文獻

Callihan, D. S.(1994).Corporate Effective Tax Rates: A Synthesis of the Literature.Journal of Accounting Literature.13,1-43.

Working Paper

Chen, M.-C.,Lin, S.,Chang, T.-H.(2001).The Impact of Tax-Exempt Stock and Land Capital Gains on Corporate Effective Tax Rates.Taiwan Accounting Review.2(1),33-56.

Derashid, C., & Zhang(2003).Effective Tax Rates and the Industrial Policy Hypothesis: Evidence from Malaysia.Journal of International Accounting Auditing and Taxaation.12,45-62.

Gupta, S.,Newberry, K.(1997).Determinants of the Variability in Corporate Effect Tax Rates: Evidence from Longitudinal Data.Journal of Accounting and Public Policy.16(1),1-34.