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中國大陸「小產權房」的政治經濟學─基於產權理論的分析

The Political Economy of "Minor Property Right" Houses in Rural China: An Analysis of the Property Rights Model

摘要


本研究以產權理論研究中國大陸的「小產權房」議題,並集中討論「小產權房」的供給者─村集體組織(即村民委員會)的關鍵角色。透過一個簡單的產權模型,我們將中國大陸轉型過程中的兩個重要的制度安排─土地產權機制和「中央-地方」財政關係,與「小產權房」的產生加以整合。本文的分析指出,「小產權房」興起的一個重要因素源於農村土地的集體所有制。政府對集體土地的控制(用途管制和強制徵收),剝奪了農民和農村集體組織參與市場交易的權利。產權的管制類似於價格控制,給集體產權的所有者造成潛在的巨額損失。這一損失的很大部分,以土地財政收入的方式被由地方政府代表的國家所攫取。然而,交易成本的存在,使國家不可能控制集體產權的所有屬性。作為理性的行為者,農村集體組織和農民能夠採取行動操縱集體土地產權的其他屬性,將損失最小化。「小產權房」正反映了中國大陸農民和農村集體組織試圖擺脫現存制度安排束縛的理性選擇。

並列摘要


The purpose of this article is to analyze ”minor property right” houses in rural China. As the suppliers of ”minor property right” houses, the key role of rural collective organization- village committees is discussed in the article. Land property right system and central-local fiscal relations have important effects on the emergence of ”minor property right” houses in transitional China. With respect to a simple property rights model, the article integrates the two factors in order to explain the behavior of rural collective organization. Farmlands are collectively owned in rural China. The non-agricultural use and conveyance of farmlands are strictly prohibited by the state. The coercive policies of farmland expropriate rights and opportunities of peasants to participate in real estate market. The regulation of farmland property rights is equivalent to price control and would bring about rent dissipation and benefit loss to Chinese farmers. The existence of transaction costs prevents the state from controlling overall attributes of collective ownership of farmland. Therefore, collective organization, peasants, and rational individuals are all able to manipulate some attributes of collective land to minimize loss of property rights control. ”Minor property right” houses are thus the consequence of rational choice made by Chinese farmers to mitigate institutional constraints.

參考文獻


曹海濤(2012)。產權、分稅制與地方政府行為―中國大陸「土地財政」之分析。遠景基金會季刊。13(1),103-158。
曹海濤(2011)。中國大陸地方政府投融資平台之研究―新制度理論的觀點。遠景基金會季刊。12(2),89-134。
曹海濤(2012)。中國大陸的分權改革與地方政府投資行為―財政誘因的觀點。中國大陸研究。55(2),1-42。
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