學齡前幼兒“錯誤信念”發展研究

Preschoolers' Understanding of False Belief in Taiwan

鄒啟蓉(Chi-Zong Tsou)

《特殊教育研究學刊》 29期 (2005/09) Pp. 25-47

https://doi.org/10.6172/BSE200509.2901002

摘要

本研究探討3歲6個月至5歲11個月間學齡前幼兒「錯誤信念」的發展，並探討此測驗的品質與不同施測題型對施測結果的影響。自編「學齡前幼兒錯誤信念測驗」含有兩個分測驗：(l)「物品變換位置」分測驗：含「以為」及「先去哪裡找」兩種題型各兩題，共四題；(2)「非預期物品」分測驗：含「自己的錯誤信念」與「他人的錯誤信念」兩種題型各兩題，共四題。研究發現「物品變換位置」有可能對三歲半組幼兒較複雜，因為有47.5%的三歲半組幼兒在至少一題控制題上有錯誤。此外研究者發現：(l)同一題型類似題兩次作答反應相同的次數佔所有作答次數比例的88.6%；(2)兩個分測驗的內部一致性很高，Cronbach's alpha分別是88與91；(3)兩個分測驗相關為66，以上數據顯示此測驗具有良好的信度與構念效度。研究者對200位台北縣市幼兒進行施測，發現：(l)兩個分測驗皆顯示幼兒在3歲半至5歲11個月間的錯誤信念有快速發展的情形；三歲半及4歲組幼兒的答對率皆顯著低於隨機；4歲半組的答對率在兩個分測驗上分別為53及48；而5歲組及5歲半組則已明顯超過隨機水準；(2)本研究樣本在兩個分測驗的通過年齡與國外英美地區的研究有明顯差異，顯示似乎國內幼兒的錯誤信念發展有較英美國家慢的情形；(3)五歲以上的幼兒仍有近20%-30%未能通過「錯誤信念」兩個分測驗，顯示有很大的個別差異；(4)不同題型與施測用語會影響幼兒表現，比如：幼兒對他人的錯誤信念比對自己的錯誤信念答對率高，而且對「先去哪裡找」的答對率比對「以為」高。研究者針對結果提出討論及建議。

關鍵字

心智理論 ； 錯誤信念 ； 學齡前幼兒

並列摘要

The purpose of the study is to investigate preschoolers' understanding of false belief in Taiwan. 200 children between the ages of 3-6 and 5-11 around Taipei county participated the study, and they were divided into five groups with each group of 40 children. A false belief test was developed which contained two subtests: (1) change of location subtest; and (2) unexpected content subtest. The ”Change of Location” subtest has 4 questions (2 about ”believe”, 2 about ”first find”). The ”Unexpected Content” subtest also had 4 questions (2 about ”own belief' and 2 about ”other's belief”).
Average proportion of consistent response for the two trials of the same type question is 88.6%. The internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) of the two subtests was. 88 and. 91. The correlation between the two subtests was. 66.
The average proportion of questions answered correctly were below 50% for the 3 1/2 and 4-year-olds in both subtests. Among the 4 1/2-year-old group, it was 53% for the Change of Location subtest and 48% for the Unexpected Content subtest; for the 5-year-old group, it was 850% and 72% for the two subtests; for the 5 1/2-year-old group it was 84% and 80%. This result seemed to indicate the growth rate of false belief understanding was slower than which is reported for western children (Wellman et. al, 2001). Besides, even the 5 1/2-year-old group had 20% of the children not being able to pass either of the two subtests, indicating great inter-individual differences. It was also found that children performed better on 'own belief' than 'others' belief' questions and better on 'first find 找' questions than 'believe 以為' questions.

並列關鍵字

theory of mind ； false belief ； preschool children

參考文獻

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