疆界民主化－解構哲學式的思考

經濟全球化造成的流動，突顯了市場邏輯、國家主權和人權之間的緊張關係。其所造成的事實是，完全封閉國境已越來越不切實際，主權國家在其控制疆界的功能上陷入困境。全球化之下，主權不再以單一國家為基本單位時，一個新的全球性政治共同體，該如何維繫自由、人權、民主、正義等核心價值。因此，對政治及其相關概念進行全面反思已成為迫切需要。我們已無法繼續在民族國家的架構下，簡化疆界、民主、公民身份等概念，而是必須透過再思並重構這些概念，找到解決當前政治問題的出路。巴禮巴和德希達分別提出了「疆界民主化」和「將臨的民主」概念，討論民族國家的形成及其當前面臨的困境，以回應全球化時代的問題並思考新的政治共同體，是否有空間去容納陌異者？「將臨的民主」將超越民族國家的主權概念，然這並不意味著我們要取消主權國家，而是指對於主權有不斷介入、變革、創造和新的分享方式。於此，公民身份將不再只能以單一意義下的主權國家為區分，這也因此打開統治邊界，讓「外人」（étranger）（難民、街友、國際移工、無公民身份者）也能進入既有的「公民」體系，不僅僅只是為了接納，更是為了再認識和接受他們的他異性（altérite）。解構哲學式的疆界民主化，超越了主權國家式的疆界和公民概念，將非法居留、偷渡、無國籍等除罪化。它所強調的是如何跳脫民族國家的觀點，形成一種沒有共同體的公民身份，實現世界公民的理想。亦即「人」及生存空間具有開放和多重性，從而讓反思疆界成為思考生存的基礎。

關鍵字

解構；疆界民主化；將臨的民主；公民；全球化

並列摘要

The flows of economic globalization highlight the tensions among marketing logic, sovereignty, and human rights. What this comes to reveal is the fact that a fully enclosed border becomes impractical, that is, the functionality of the sovereign state in terms of controlling the border has met its predicament. Under globalization, how will the new global political community maintain its core values such as freedom, human rights, democracy and justice, as the notion of sovereignty is no longer viewed in terms of a unitary nation? Hence, the need to thoroughly reflect on politics and its relevant concepts has become all the more urgent. We can no longer continue to simplify notions such as a border, democracy or citizenship under the rubric of a nation state. Instead, we have to rethink and recompose these notions in the hope of finding a new way for today's political problem. Balibar and Derrida unanimously propose the concepts of ＂frontier democracy＂ and ＂democracy to come＂ in order to discuss the formation of a nation state and the predicaments that it faces. Then the two concepts are considered in an attempt to respond to the question of the age of globalization and to consider whether there is any space for hospitality for the strangers in the new political community. The concept of ＂democracy to come＂ will go beyond the sovereign notion such as the nation state. However, this does not mean that we need to abrogate the sovereignty of a nation, but to constantly engage in, reform, and create new ways of sharing with the sovereign. As such, we can no longer approach citizenship only from a unitary standpoint. By doing this, the dominated border is opened, and the ＂strangers＂ such as refugees, vagabonds, migrant workers, and people without documents (sans papiers) are allowed to enter the system of ＂citizenship.＂ This not only provides them with hospitality but also allows them to feel accepted and to know their alterity again. Deconstructive frontier democracy goes beyond notions such as borders and citizens in the rubric of a sovereign nation, and seeks to decriminalize notions such as being an illegal immigrant, smuggling, and statelessness. This way of approaching the issues drives us to go beyond the notion of a nation state in order to form a sort of citizenship without community (citoyenneté sans communauté). In addition, it enables us to realize the idea/ideal of being a world citizen-that is, being human and in a space reflecting openness and multiplicity-which makes the task of rethinking the border become an existential foundation.