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Toward an Adaptive Local State Capitalism: Revitalizing Cultural Heritage Sites to Stimulate Local Economic Development

調適型地方政府資本主義:以文化遺址活化帶動地方經濟發展

摘要


對於位處中國大陸內陸的文化城市而言,殘破的歷史遺址和財政困窘是阻礙城市化和經濟發展的重要原因。但這些文化城市如何能夠扭轉劣勢,將原為發展障礙的歷史遺址轉化為經濟發展的動力?本文提出「調適型地方政府資本主義」的概念,藉以理解文化城市推動經濟發展的可能進程。地方政府依據現實環境的條件調整自身的界限與範圍,進而培養出政企之間的互賴關係,完成活化歷史遺址和推動城市發展的雙重任務。本文以西安曲江模式為個案,透過田野調查和第一手資料,論證「調適型地方政府資本主義」運用三種策略來解決資金短缺、效率低落、部門主義等問題,促進西安的經濟發展。具體而言,曲江團隊具備有效募集資金和將文化遺產轉化為象徵資本的創新能力,因此被西安市政府選定、並賦予執行文化發展計劃的任務。其次,曲江團隊建立政企協力的合作體系、推動遺址活化和城市發展的工作,並落實以市場為導向的人力資源管理體制。再者,地方政府、開發商和銀行團在財政上相互依賴,得以促成曲江計劃的實現。綜述之,「調適型地方政府資本主義」作為國家資本主義的新型態,有助於理解二十一世紀初中國大陸各地積極建設遺址公園的熱潮、以及城市化加速的歷程。「調適型地方政府資本主義」的崛起更表明,在當今中國大陸新一輪都市化和經濟增長的競賽中,決勝的關鍵不再是金錢,而是智慧和創造力。

並列摘要


For most cultural cities located in China's inner regions, not only deficient public finances but also historic heritage sites hinder the process of urbanization and economic development. How could these cities reverse the circumstantial disadvantages and turn them into exclusive merits that can possibly foster economic development? This paper argues that "adaptive local state capitalism" may be the key to understanding this kind of development process. The local state has constantly transformed and rescaled its space and boundary according to new circumstances, through which an interdependence with enterprises can be cultivated to rehabilitate historic heritage sites and promote urban development simultaneously. Based on field work and first-hand documents regarding the Qujiang (曲江) model in Xi'an, three types of adaptive local state capitalism are demonstrated to solve problems such as capital deficiency, departmentalism, and inefficiency. First of all, for its capabilities of effectively collecting funds and innovatively manipulating cultural heritages as symbolic capital, the Qujiang Team was chosen and granted privileges to implement culturally-rendered development projects in Xi'an. Second, Qujiang's government-enterprise synergy was initiated and the system of human resources management reformed and adapted to become more market-oriented. Third, fiscal interdependence among the local state, developers, and banks was formulated to enable the materialization of Qujiang's projects. The new version of local state capitalism is therefore recommended as a means to learn how heritage parks have boomed as well as its correlation with the rapid growth of urbanization. As the rise of "adaptive local state capitalism" indicates, it has no longer been a game of money, but a competition involving intelligence and innovation in the new race of nationwide urbanization and economic growth in contemporary China.

參考文獻


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