牟宗三與儒家民主：一個黑格爾式的再詮釋

Mou Tsung-san and Confucian Democracy: A Hegelian Reinterpretation

曾國祥(Roy Tseng)

《台灣政治學刊》 20卷2期 (2016/12) Pp. 1-64

https://doi.org/10.6683/TPSR.201612.20(2).1-64

摘要

透過對牟宗三的民主理論提出一個黑格爾式的再詮釋，本文試圖論證「儒家民主」實質上可被視為一種「倫理民主」。正文分成四個主要部分：（一）就創作意圖而言，雖然牟宗三提倡「儒家民主」的目的，在於超越源自「權利論自由主義」的「程序民主」的限制，但由於他對民主道德基礎的求索徘徊在康德主義與黑格爾主義之間，其政治思想容有兩種解釋路徑。（二）就詮釋爭議而言，雖然康德主義較為盛行，但其支持者既忽略了康德的「自我立法」道德理念其實支持某種「權利論自由主義」，也無視於黑格爾的「自我實現」倫理思維在形塑所謂的「圓善論自由主義」上扮演著重要角色，並因而標示出自由主義的「倫理性轉向」。（三）就哲學精神而言，牟宗三學術志業的終極關懷與「後康德」哲學家頗為類似，志在藉著康德間架以揭示康德哲學的侷限，進而彰顯中國文化在超越康德方面的卓絕貢獻。（四）就民主思想而言，牟宗三有關道德與政治之辯證關係的理解，以及「民主開出」的解釋，明顯深受黑格爾的影響。總結地說，本文有關牟宗三民主思想的黑格爾式再詮釋及其所深刻蘊涵的倫理價值，有助於反思與延展「仁政」在當前歷史時刻的實踐意義。

關鍵字

牟宗三 ； 新儒家 ； 儒家民主 ； 康德 ； 黑格爾

並列摘要

By proposing a Hegelian reinterpretation of Mou Tsung-san's theory of democracy, this paper seeks to argue that Confucian democracy may be regarded as ＂ethical democracy.＂ The paper is organized into four major parts. First, although Mou's aim in advocating Confucian democracy is to surpass the limits of ＂procedural democracy＂ anchored in ＂rights-based liberalism,＂ Mou's search for the moral basis of democracy oscillates between Kantianism and Hegelianism, which indicates that there are two different approaches to interpreting his political thought. Second, while the Kantian approach is more prevalent, its defenders do not take into account that Kant's ＂morality of self-determination＂ in fact accommodates a form of ＂rights-based liberalism,＂ and that Hegel's ＂ethics of selfrealization＂ plays a crucial role in formulating ＂perfectionist liberalism,＂ which marks an ＂ethical turn to liberalism.＂ Third, the ultimate end of Mou's philosophical enterprise actually bears striking resemblance to post- Kantian philosophers. Indeed, Mou tries to reveal both the limits of Kant and the contributions that Chinese culture can make to transcend Kant. Fourth, Mou's understanding of the dialectical relationship between morals and politics and his interpretation of the ＂blossoming of democracy＂ clearly reflect a debt to Hegel. Ultimately, this study on Mou Tsung-san's cross-cultural reconstruction of Hegelian ＂perfectionist liberalism＂ and its embrace of deep ethical imports can help to draw out the practical implications of the ＂politics of humanity＂ in the modern epoch.

並列關鍵字

Mou Tsung-San ； Neo-Confucianism ； Confucian Democracy ； Kant ； Hegel

參考文獻

李明輝(1994)。當代儒學之自我轉化。台北=Taipei:中研院文哲所=Academia Sinica, Institute of Chinese Literature and Philosophy。

李明輝(1994)。當代儒學之自我轉化。台北=Taipei:中研院文哲所=Academia Sinica, Institute of Chinese Literature and Philosophy。

魏楚陽(2011)。黑格爾的權利概念與民主政治。政治與社會哲學評論。38，57-93。

李明輝(1994)。當代儒學之自我轉化。台北=Taipei:中研院文哲所=Academia Sinica, Institute of Chinese Literature and Philosophy。

魏楚陽(2012)。內在自由與外在權利的辯證：黑格爾論康德的權利國家觀。政治科學論叢。12，129-160。