蚍蜉之喻與歷史殷鑑：《纂異記．徐玄之》諷喻書寫試析

唐人李玫所撰《纂異記．徐玄之》假借徐玄之遭俘入蟻國受審之種種經歷，諷喻晚唐世變、亂象與國運。文中出現許多關於蚍蜉生態及歷史故實之書寫，咸有深刻之隱喻。本論文試加分析，所謂「縱兵大獵」與「書卷蒙之」，象徵對朝廷「畋獵」無度之「諫諍」；從「大雨暴至」到「縱火焚穴」，乃是「亡國」命運之「預言」；而當「蚍蜉王國」還原為「牖下蟻穴」，凶宅獲得「揭露」與廓清，透露作者重建家園「秩序」之渴望。至若秦皇、商紂、夫差、比干、子胥、宮之奇等歷史人事「連類引譬」，道盡「拒諫亡國」之歷史規律，可謂蚍蜉王朝、晚唐國運之「鏡像」，「借古鑑今」之意味甚明。而蟻國諫臣之心態由「犯顏諫諍」轉為「乞斥遐方」，既對歷史殷鑑之有效性提出質疑，亦反映文人在甘露事變之恐怖氛圍中，對君臣關係之重新檢視與灰心淡漠。結言之，〈徐玄之〉誠為唐人小說中，勾畫末世景象、抒發憂國情志之佳作。

關鍵字

唐人小說；纂異記；徐玄之；蚍蜉；諷喻

並列摘要

The Tang navel ＂Zuanyiji, Xu Xuanzhi＂ which written by Li Mei, says a story of Xu Xuanzhi who was abducted into an ant kingdom and be taken before the judge.Through this story, Li Mei dug up the political changeover,chaos and future of late Tang.This story has many ant action and history allusion , both with many deep metaphors. This paper try to analyze its story and attain the following achievements:The plot says the ant prince leaded a vast army to hunt ,and then Xu Xuanzhi flapped them by his book, which symbolizes an admonition for the royal’s excessive hunting. The plot describes a sudden downpour and formicary-firing, which symbolizes a prediction about the end of the kingdom. The plot narrates the ant kingdom returned to a formicary under the wall, the truth of haunted house was uncovered, which reveal Li Mei’s hope to reset the order of country. As for the history of Qin Shihuang, Shang Zhouhwang, Fuchai,Bigan,Wu Zixu, Gong Zhiqi , et al,a lot of similar allusions are arranged in order,there will highlight one historical law that ＂admonition refuse, country collapse＂. Besides, these allusions also clearly mean that ＂to know present by the past experience＂, indeed, they reflect the lights of the ant kingdom and late Tang’ fate. Finally, the story describes the ant ministers had a change of idea from ＂making a dissuasion by offending the king＂ to ＂appling for a post on the frontier＂.It not only calls into question the effectiveness of history lesson, but also reflects that intellectuals had reviewed the relationship with their master and then lost heart to it after the horror Ganlu Incident. In conclusion, ＂Xu Xuanzhi＂ is really a great Tang navel which depicts the sights of last phase and expresses the worry about country's future.