從卡西爾對繆勒的批評看宗教研究的進路

The Approaches of Religious Study based on the Criticism of Cassirer to Müller

項溢煦(Leach Shane)

《宗教哲學》 76期 (2016/06) Pp. 143-162

https://doi.org/10.6309/JORP.2016.06.76.143

摘要

在西方宗教研究的進路中，一直存在著「如何對超越的『神及其相關事物』進行一種可被經驗驗收的言說」這一從蘇格拉底開始就存在的問題。尤其隨著近現代科學要求與人為主體之訴求的高漲，把宗教研究納入現代可實證且系統化的學科之中的要求也隨之高漲。繆勒在此背景下，第一個提出了「宗教學」這一詞彙，並通過把宗教問題還原為可被經驗的語言學問題，從而為宗教研究打開了廣義的科學研究的進路。但同為康德門徒的卡西爾卻對繆勒提出了兩方面的批評：第一，在卡西爾看來，宗教首先應該是「人」的，而不是死板的「科學」問題；第二，宗教之實現是「功能性」的，存在於文化各個層面的交互作用之中，而不是「實體性」的。但是，隨著現象學與社會批判理論的興起與擴展，我們發現，「人文主義」與「科學主義」、「實體論」與「功能論」的差異程度遠遠小於其間的同一；而且不管把宗教問題還原為「人的問題」，還是還原為「科學性的問題」都有褻瀆宗教的風險，宗教在很大程度上具有對「人」和「科學」的超越性——當然，這種超越有沒有實現，以及是否能夠實現則是另外一個完全不同的問題。因此，在繆勒與卡西爾之外探索一條新進路，是宗教研究中值得期許的一個課題。

關鍵字

宗教研究進路 ； 人文主義 ； 科學主義 ； 功能論 ； 實體論

並列摘要

The issue about how to discourse God/god and its related matters, which can be traced back to Socrates, is an unavoidable problem in the study of religion. With the increasing demand of human as the principle subject in the modern time, the problem mentioned above face the new challenge that a possibility of discoursing God/god and its related matters in the scientific context which is systematic and empirical. Friedrich Max Müller first adopted the word ＂Religionswissenschaft＂ (the science of religion) and explored a scientific approach in which the religious matter was reduced to linguistic problem. Ernst Cassirer who was also a Kantist, however criticized the theory of Max Müller as follows. Firstly, the religious issue is a vivid thing that should be attributed to creativity act of human but should not belong to measurable scientific system. Secondly, the religion is not a substance but a functional realization that exists in the interaction of cultures of any level. Although Müller and Cassirer are incompatible seemingly, the uniform is greater than the difference between humanism and scientism, as well as between substantialism and functionalism, especially after the rise of phenomenology and critical social theories. Both bringing the issue of religion to the human who belong to the earth and to the science that based on the evidences are at the risk of blasphemy against religion. Religion holds the transcendence of both human and science - although the realization of transcendence is another issue. Thus, to discover a new approach beyond Müller and Cassirer should be valuable and expectable in the study of religion.

並列關鍵字

approaches in the study of religion ； humanism ； scientism ； functionalism ； substantialism