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“五腳基”:近代閩粵僑鄉洋樓建築的原型

The “Five-foot Way”: The Architectural Prototype of “Yang-lou” (Mansions of Chinese Diaspora) in Modem Fujian and Guangdong.

摘要


作為一種建物類型( building type),“洋樓”載明了近代閩粵僑鄉社會與文化的變遷,更是散居天下、卻心繫原鄉的“華僑”(overseas Chinese , Chinese Diaspora)之歷史、意識形態、意象化的物質表徵。這種華洋融合與轉化所生產出來的異質空問(heterotopia)與混雜體(hybridism),一方面承襲了漢文化的合院空間體制,一方面則加上殖民建築(colonial architecture)之外廊與西式山頭裝飾為其主要特徵,作為彰顯家族榮耀、新的身份認同與文化想像的建築實踐。數量最多的洋樓類型,則屬“五腳基”(Five - foot way),不論是獨棟建築或傳統合院附屬建築之改建,是一般歸僑選擇的空間文化形式,尤以閩南及潮汕地區為最。五腳基原是十九世紀八 ○ 年代英屬海峽殖民地城市店屋留設五吸通道的規範(building legislation),被帶回僑鄉之後,轉化成住宅的外廊作法,更成為此一洋樓建物類型的命名。與殖民建築的外廊(veranda)一樣,五腳基洋樓的外廊具有休閒、家務勞動的意象及功能,逐步取代了原有的天井空間,也促使了傳統的合院空間體制發生變化。本文在田野調查的基礎上,首先探討五腳基的起源,以及其作為混雜體( hybridism )的空問文化形式,進而探討它如何隨著歸僑及僑匯資本轉化成問粵僑鄉洋樓的住宅類型;再者,分析僑鄉五腳基的功能與意義;最後,從社會文化史的角度,指出近代僑鄉住宅空間體制及生活方式的變遷。

並列摘要


As a special building type, the cultural meaning of “Yang-lou” (Mansions of Chinese Diaspora) represents the social change Fujian and Guangdong underwent from 1840s-1960s. The emergence of Yang-lou helps understand the lives of Chinese Diaspora. Western colonialism held a firm grip of Southeast Asia and China in the 19th century. The demand for labor enticed waves of migration to Southeast Asia from Fujian and Guangdong. Overseas remittance sent back to native places contributed to the construction of Western style houses. In the meantime, family structure started to change. OveIseas Chinese identity shifted from identification with family to that with a nation. At the same time, under the ideologies of economic nationalism and cultural nationalism, the new rising merchant-gentry moved on social mobility through investment and education to ensure their autonomy in the political arena. In China, the West colonial apparatus changed the landscape and social life of traditional Chinese cities. Social hierarchy reflected in urban planning and in architecture directly. Sanitary management aspired local gentry to apply Western sanitation to traditional Chinese dwelling. They learned from colonial modernity to improve Chinese cities and rural areas. Yang-lou is a “heterotopia” by combination and transformation of Chinese traditional spatial organization, with colonial veranda and Western decorative pediment in houses. It shows these Chinese Diaspora’s family honor, new identity and cultural imagery. Yang-lou was rare before 1 870s, although migrations increased after 1840s. We also saw the cases that the main buildings or part of traditional housing transformed into Yang-Iou between i870s -1890s. Toward the end of the 1890s, many new Chinese Diaspora’s communities and housing were built with profits from investment. And then, many vernacular buildings added defense facilities between the 191 Os-i 930s, which was the high tide of overseas remittance and the Yang-lou period. After World War II, the original communal identity and remittance of overseas Chinese declined gradually, the number of Yang-lou also decreased. The period of Yang-lou technically ended during Mao’s Cultural Revolution. There are many types of Yang-lou, according to different identities and localities. In concession of Amoy and Guangzhou, Chinese merchants transplanted the colonial architecture to build their mansion. In Chaozhou and southern Fujian, traditional houses were added with Western façade, called “Hauan-a-tsu”. The most popular type was the “Five-foot Way”. It originated from the regulation of shop house in the colonial cities of English Strait Settlement in the 19th century, and brought to Southeast China by overseas Chinese. They transformed the “Five-foot Way” to the veranda of housing, and used the same name. The new “Five-foot way” also displaced the courtyard of a traditional building. Yang-lou as a heterotopia challenged the tradition, so this “other” must be located at a distance to traditional power center, such as ancestral halls. But there were a few cases that ancestral halls actually adopted the cultural form of Yang-lou. The maintenance or challenge of traditional spatial system of organization and cultural form was the process of cultural change of folk society in modem period. “Yang-lou” is hybridism, not only challenged Chinese cultural tradition, but also transferred the symbolic presentation of Western colonial architecture. Its cultural meanings represent the hybridity of Chinese Diaspora’s identity, and shape a new building type and a cultural form of space in local societies.

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