國際援助與台灣的社會發展：民間非政府組織角色扮演之歷史分析

International Relief and Taiwan's Social Development: A Historical Analysis of the Role Played by Non-governmental Organizations

官有垣(Yu-Yuan Kuan)

《社會政策與社會工作學刊》 6卷2期 (2002/12) Pp. 131-173

摘要

台灣曾經是被西方國家援助的對象，然而今日已成為提供國際援助與發展技術的國家，這段發展的歷史脈絡與台灣的政治、經濟與社會因素的演變息息相關。自50年代初期至60年代中期，美國政府基於國防、經濟等因素曾提供台灣相當數額的軍事與經濟援助。然而，在同一時間，台灣也接受來自美國及其他已開發國家慈善及社會發展性質非政府組織(NGOs)的金錢、物資與發展技術移轉等的援助。本文首先論述NGOs在國際救援與發展角色的理論觀點，以解釋為何國際NGOs能在開發中國家扮演人道救援與發展的角色，及其組織在此領域中具備的優勢與劣勢。接著從歷史的角度分析從事國際救援與發展工作的NGOs為何會在50至70年代選擇台灣為其提供救援服務的受援國之一，而為何國際救援NGOs又在70年代中期開始紛紛從台灣撤離。接著論述，在國際NGOS離開台灣後所留下來的慈善、社會福利及其他發展事項的空間被本土興起的NGOs所塡補，此中的政治經濟與社會結構改變的影響因素。最後本文分析台灣本土NGOs在90年代初期開始，對有需求的國家與地區開展國際救援工作，同時以一實證研究結果說明台灣本土NGOs從事援外工作所呈現的特質，並指出台灣政府在援外政策與舉措上與民間NGOs的互動關係。

關鍵字

國際援助與發展 ； 民間援外 ； 非政府組織 ； 基本的人類需求

並列摘要

Within the past five decades, Taiwan has undergone a transition from being a recipient of western aid to becoming a contributor to international aid and development technology. This transformation of roles is the result of closely linked factors involving a historical chain of events in Taiwan's political landscape, and an evolution in the domestic economy and society. In addition to the direct aid provided by the U.S. government, it is worth noting that during this time, aid and assistance, from charitable non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in the United States and other developed nations also presented a substantial contribution. In the first section, this article reviews the theoretical perspectives with regard to the roles played by NGOs in international relief and development. Then, based on the theories reviewed, the author applies the historical approach to explain why many international NGOs would provide relief and development services to Taiwan during the period from l950s to the mid-1970s, and why those NGOs one by one terminated their projects and withdrew from Taiwan since the mid1970s. Next, the author portrays the scenario after the mid-I970s that shows Taiwanese indigenous NGOs have increasingly developed themselves to have the capacity to take over the space of charity, social welfare and community development left by those international NGOs. Finally, the analysis is focused on the reality that more and more NGOs in Taiwan turn their attention and concerns to the issue about international relief and development and generously provide foreign aid services to the needed countries since the very early of the 1990s. Some of the preliminary findings from an empirical study are presented, showing the distinctive features of Taiwanese NGOs whose primary or partial tasks are related to international relief and development.

並列關鍵字

international relief and development ； private foreign aid ； nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) ； basic human need

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