層層控制下不自由的勞動者：外籍家戶勞動者勞動條件、勞雇關係及管理政策析論

The Trapped Labor: An Analysis of the Working Conditions and Employee-Employer Relations of Foreign Domestic Workers and the Examination of Foreign Labor Policies in Taiwan

吳秀照(Shiou-Chao Wu)

《社會政策與社會工作學刊》 10卷2期 (2006/12) Pp. 1-48

https://doi.org/10.6785/SPSW.200612.0001

摘要

二十世紀末期以來的「移民女性化」現象，將一波波的婦女移工，從第三世界國家，雅到工業先進國家及新興國家的家戶裡，從事家務與照顧工作。在台灣，跨越國界勞動的束南亞移民婦女，扛起了十四萬個有老、弱、殘、病者家庭的家務與照顧工作，也稀釋了政府的福利照顧責任。然而，她們做為資本主義市場內的勞動者，卻未能擁有勞動力販售的自由選擇權，也未能享有基本勞動權益的保障。本文從外籍女性家務與照顧者的「移民女性化」現象，提出三個問題進行探討，並論述這些被規制為「客工」的外籍女性家戶勞動者如何在其母國的經濟與勞動政策、移入國的管理政策、仲介的人力商品化策略及雇主的管理手段下，被推移、箝制為「不自由的勞工」。本文同時也透過「台北市外籍勞工勞動條件與勞雇關係調查研究」的結果，呈現台北市家戶外勞的勞動條件與勞雇關係。當這些外籍女性家務與照顧工作者，被運用做為全球化經濟分工的人力資源重整配置之一環時，我們也必須瞭解，她們如何被層層規訓為移入國勞動市場中的次級勞動力。這些共同構成外籍女性家務與照顧工作者勞動困境的因素，必須一層層突破，外籍女性家務與照顧工作者基本勞動人權才能獲得合理的保障。

關鍵字

外籍女性家戶勞動者 ； 移民女性化現象 ； 不自由勞工 ； 自由的勞動者

並列摘要

The tide of ”feminization of immigration” at the end of twentieth century has induced a great number of migrant women laborers moving from the Third World to the industrialized countries. The most common jobs they have taken are domestic helpers and caregivers. In Taiwan, more than one hundred and fourty thousand migrant women laborers from the Southeastern Asia currently serve as domestic helpers and caregivers in Taiwanese families. While laboring in the capitalist societies, they do not possess the freedom of deciding for whom and to where to sell their own labor force, and they are not protected by the basic labor rights--They are captive workers. This article raises three questions which intends to explore and discuss the phenomenon of ”feminization of immigration” the reasons of working overseas of foreign domestic workers, and the employer-employee relations within the household they worked for. This article argues that foreign domestic helpers and caregivers, although are legalized as ”guest workers” in the migrant countries, they are deprived of the free movement and exchange of their labor force in the market. Their lives are actually captured in the net which is fabricated by the economic difficulties of their home countries, the foreign labor management policies of migrant countries, the labor commodification strategies taken by brokers and the controlling strategies of their employers. Research on ”The employment conditions and worker-employer relations of foreign domestic helpers and caregivers in Taipei City, Taiwan” gives a picture of their working lives. The problem that formal employment protections and regulations do not apply to them should be noticed. It is important to recognize how these women migrant workers are restructured and treated in the globalized labor market, and how they are disciplined as the secondary labor force. The improvement of their working conditions and labor rights shoul not only by breaking through the exploitation structure which is formed by the labor policies of the migrant countries, the brokers, and the employers but also by requesting for the cultural and welfare provisions from their home countries.

並列關鍵字

foreign domestic helpers ； caregivers ； feminization of immigration ； captive worker ； free laborer

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