政府政策對老人退休前後所得分配之影響：世代別的探討

The Effect ofaThe Effect of Government Policy on the Income Distribution of Elderly People before and after Retirement: A Cohort Study Government Policy on the Income Distribution of Elderly People Before and After Retirement: A Cohort Study

洪明皇(Ming-Hwang Hong) ； 林怡婷(Yi-Ting Lin)

《社會政策與社會工作學刊》 16卷2期 (2012/12) Pp. 95-139

https://doi.org/10.6785/SPSW.201212.0095

摘要

台灣人口老化快速，退休後的所得水準以及不同時期老人經濟安全政策對老人所得分配的影響，值得關注。西方研究指出，退休後老人所得分配變化因福利體制而異：而台灣尚未有研究關注不同世代老人退休前、後所得分配的變化及其與福利政策間的互動關係。本研究使用家庭收支調查搭配世代分析法，探討在1989－2009年經歷退休前與退休後的三個世代之所得分配變化。研究結果為：1. 中老年人邁入老年過程中，所得不均度在退休前不斷擴大，但於65歲之後不均度下降，主因是不均度高的工作所得比重下降。2. 退休金制度扮演的是「不均化」因子，退休金制度惡化所得分配的效果正逐年擴大。3. 愈年輕世代的老人所得不均度愈高，部份原因是政府移轉的失靈，老農津貼的利富效果大於敬老津貼與國保保證年金「些微的助貧效果」。

關鍵字

所得分配 ； 世代分析 ； 政府移轉

並列摘要

The population of Taiwan is aging rapidly. Income level s after retirement and the effect that the economic security policies of various era s have had on the income distribution of elderly people are issues worthy of attention. Western studies have indicated that changes in the income distribution of elderly people after retirement vary with welfare systems. In Taiwan, no studies have explored the interaction between welfare policies and changes in income distribution before and after retirement. Combining the result s of the Survey of Family Income and Expenditure and a cohort analysis, we discussed variations in the income distribution of three generations before and after retirement from 1989 to 2009. The results of this study are as follows: (1) As middle-aged and elderly people age, income inequality increases continuously prior to retirement. However, this income inequality decreases after they reach the age of 65 because the prop ort ion of high inequality occupational income decreases. (2) The pension system is a contributor factor that increases inequality. The pension system's effect in worsening income distribution increases annually. (3) Younger generations of elderly people experience greater income inequality. This phenomenon is partially attributed to malfunctioning governmental transfer or transformation. The pro-rich effect of old-age farmer annuity surpasses the ”trivial poor-supporting effects” of old-age allowance and national annuity.

並列關鍵字

income distribution ； cohort analysis ； government transfers

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