促進推理思考的認知策略

The Cognitive Strategies to Improve Reasoning and Thinking

張景媛(Ching-Yuan Chang) ； 陳萩卿(Chiu-Ching Chen)

《課程與教學》 6卷2期 (2003/04) Pp. 79-108+115

https://doi.org/10.6384/CIQ.200304.0079

摘要

思考是用來表示有意圖與審慎反思的心智活動，在認知歷程中，思考可包括推理與問題解決等認知能力，這些能力使個人在面對複雜困難的問題時，能找到有效的問題解決途徑，以適應未來多變的社會環境。以Piaget認知發展論而言，個人認知發展最終是成為一位成熟的問題解決者。個人在解決問題時，必須仔細思考該問題的各種表徵方式，一個好的問題解決者不但需獲得解決問題的規則，也需有效運用相關策略；要獲致解決問題的規則並選擇適當策略，有必要透過教學活動來發展推理思考等高層認知能力。例如：以類比推理能力而言，越小的兒童越需藉由外在情境提供較多協助使其成功類推；以演繹推理而言，個人運用正式邏輯規則的能力會受年齡、生活經驗、學習與知識獲得等因素影響而有所不同，當推理的內容有意義時，人們甚至在青少年階段以前就能運用邏輯規則進行推理。由此可見，發展推理思考是增進問題解決能力所不可或缺的。本文主要目的是：一、設計一套能促進幼童至青少年時期推理思考的教學活動；二、協助教師營造有利學生推理思考的學習環境；三、透過教學修正此套教學活動的適用性。

關鍵字

認知策略 ； 問題解決 ； 推理思考

並列摘要

Thinking is generally used to represent intentional and deliberative mental activity. In the cognitive processes, thinking includes the cognitive ability such as reasoning and problem solving. Those abilities help people find effective ways to solve complex problems and adjust the changefully social environment. According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, the target purpose of personal cognitive development is to be a mature problem solver. A person should understand the presentation of problems before he (she) solves a problem. A good problem solver must not only get the rules for problem solving, but also should effectively apply the related strategies. In order to acquire the rules of problem-solving and select suitable strategies, it is necessary to develop higher order cognitive ability by means of instruction. For example, to talk about the ability of analogical reasoning, the younger the children are, the more necessary they need more assistance offered from extrinsic situations to help them successfully analogize. Additionally, to talk about deductive reasoning, a person's ability to apply deductive reasoning is affected by his (her) age, life experience, learning and knowledge acquirement. When the contents of reasoning are meaningful, the persons can use logical rules to reason, even before the period of adolescence. So, to improve the development of reasoning is very important for problem solving. The purposes of this study are (1) to design teaching activities for children or adolescence to promote their reasoning and thinking; (2) to help teachers to create the learning environment for students' reasoning; and (3) to improve the application of the teaching activities by means of teaching experiment.

並列關鍵字

cognitive strategies ； problem solving ； reasoning

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