應對SARS 危機的三種體制：強制、法制、弱制

Three Institutional Responses to the SARS Crisis: Mainland China, Hong Kong and Taiwan Compared

丁學良(Xüe-Liang Ding)

《遠景基金會季刊》 5卷4期 (2004/10) Pp. 1-32

https://doi.org/10.7063/PQ.200410.0001

摘要

如用最簡潔的語言，來概括兩岸三地在2003年對SARS應對的方式，可以這麼描述：中國大陸的應對體制屬於強制、香港屬於法制、臺灣屬於弱制。強制、法制和弱制在這裡都是相對和比較而言，並不具有絕對的意涵。每一種應對體制都具有它特定的歷史淵源、顯性的和隱性的代價，以及包括負面效應的綜合效應。本文期望的是，若不幸地再有一次重大的具生死存亡威脅的危機突襲而來，兩岸三地都能夠建立起符合「憲制專政」(Constitutional dictatorship)原則的應急體制，它既可以幫助一個社會裡的群體快速地、有效地把各種資源集中在最重要的部位，像實施戰爭攻擊一樣去控制和消除那個重大威脅，又可以防止「專政」傾向在政府運行中的常態化。這個危機管理體制在「行政效能」與「保護公民的自由和權益」之間，維繫了基本適度的平衡。

關鍵字

嚴重急性呼吸道症候群（非典型肺炎） ； 危機管理 ； 國家能力 ； 政府透明度 ； 憲制專政（憲制獨裁）

並列摘要

This paper compares the ways in which the three governments responded to the SARS crisis during the spring and summer of 2003. The Beijing government responded to the epidemic in a typical manner of a non-constitutional dictatorship, which can be assessed as basically effective but with an enormously high price. The PRC state machinery invoked old methods to fight against SARS, which included organization and coordination at the ”work unit” level, mutual surveillance among residents, and village and street-community self-reliance. Those methods were the trade mark of the Maoist mass mobilizations and political campaigns. In that sense, the Chinese Communist Party leadership in the early 21st century in effect restored pre-reform institutions to cope with a new crisis. In contrast, the Taiwan government's manner of handling SARS was exactly the opposite from the PRC government by which displayed typical institutional weaknesses of a polity that still in the transition from authoritarianism to plural democracy.
The old construction of public authority and power was dismantled, and the new has yet to take the place. In comparison, the Hong Kong government’s crisis management was the best among the three (perhaps little bit inferior than the the city-state of Singapore). The main reasons, apart from Hong Kong being such a small territory, were that the legal system was firmly established and effective, and that the civil society of independent professional organizations and voluntary associations are mature. A lesson can be drawn from the SARS control: if another life-threatening crisis is unfortunately befalling us, the government should act in accordance with the principle of constitutional dictatorship. This time-tested procedure of power exercise fits the big crisis situation well, as it can maintain a balance between administrative effectiveness and civil liberty protection.

並列關鍵字

SARS ； Crisis Management ； State Capacity ； Government Transparency ； Constitutional Dictatorship

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