歐盟安全暨防衛政策之研究－以2003年剛果軍事任務為例

當全世界注目於美國對伊拉克的軍事行動，歐盟(European Union, EU)於2003年5月30日在聯合國安理會正式授權下，展開剛果依圖利省地區的軍事任務。此次的任務雖然時間只到2003年9月1日為止，卻是歐盟首次獨立自主行動的軍事任務，有著特別的意義。剛果依圖利省地區具有豐富天然資源及礦產，由於剛果金夏沙政府無力管理，使眾多部落相互對立所形成的武裝團體，加上烏干達等國外軍事部隊暗中支持不同軍事集團，形成剛果內部混亂及衝突。此次名為阿提米斯(Artemis)的和平任務，向法國作為主導國家，並和歐盟成員國順利解除因外國勢力撤出依圖利地區所導致的人道危機，不僅作為歐盟發展歐盟安全暨防衛政策(European Security and Defense Policy, ESDP)的主要參考指標之一包括快速反應部隊及歐洲防衛總署(European Defense Agency)，說明歐盟有獨立於北約的自主軍事行動能力，同時亦作為歐盟和聯合國合作的重要範例。本文主要說明歐盟安全暨防衛政策的發展及運作機制，對剛果軍事任務的架構、過程和成功的因素，以及對和平任務的檢討，最後說明影響及未來發展。

關鍵字

歐盟；歐盟安全暨防禦政策；阿提米斯和平任務；剛果；巴尼亞

並列摘要

While the world focused on U.S.'s Iraqi military operation, EU under UN Security Council's authorization had started its own peace operation in Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) between 6 June 2003 to 1 September 2003. The EU's force was garrisoned for grave security and humanitarian crisis that was erupted in the Ituri district of the DRC in early May 2003. Since DRC overthrew dictatorship in 1997, the Kinshasa government failed to convert different ethnic groups and political factions into national reconciliation, the situation was more complicated by snatching the nature resources of the rival ethnic armed groups, foreign force crossed into DRC soil with supporting militia groups and controlled the eastern part of DRC, and Ituri district was filled of chaos and disorder. EU's Operation Artemis, French as the Framework. Nation with other EU members, was responsible for dealing with Bunia (the Capital of Ituri District) security and a relief humanitarian crisis, not only for EU autonomous action had became one of references of European Security and Defence Policy (ESIDP), including Rapid Reaction Force (Battle Groups) and European Defence Agency (EDA) with the capability without NATO involving, also as an EU-UN main cooperation model. This study explains and reviews the EU military structure, its process and success factors, as well as the influence and the development about the ESDP of EU Constitution.