中國大陸社區居民委員會角色與功能的變遷：以東莞市塘廈鎮為例

自改革開放以來，中國大陸在經濟和社會上的變遷，不僅凸顯了國家對社會控制的弱化，更使得政府面臨社會管理和資源提供上的重大壓力。在民間組織發展仍受到制約的情況下，社區居民委員會成為政府的最佳選擇。根據本文在東莞市塘廈鎮所進行的研究，發現透過「簡政強鎮」和「產權轉型升級」等政策的推動，當前社區居民委員會正逐漸發展成為鎮政府功能之延伸，而從群眾性自治組織走向準政府行政機構，此遂再次呈現國家對社會控制力的強化。

關鍵字

社區居民委員會；塘廈鎮；國家與社會關係；簡政強鎮；產權轉型升級

並列摘要

The policy of reform and opening-up in China not only resulted in the weakening of the state's strict control on society, but also pressured the government to confront the problem of the provision of social services. The government has been forced to search for other mechanisms to replace the traditional social functions performed by work units. Because of rigid regulations on the development of non-governmental organizations in China, the community has thus best served the government for the above purposes. The community residents' committee is the body that guides and undertakes community affairs. Originally a mass autonomous organization, the community residents' committee has gradually become an extension unit of township government with more administrative power delegated by the government. Based on field research in Tangxia Township in Dongguan City, this article argues that from a contextual dimension, the increasing population, and the maintenance of social security and stability all contribute to the functional diversification and administrative power of communities. From an institutional perspective, the policies of streamlining administration and empowering townships, and of industrial transition and upgrading have also had a great impact on the administrative functions of communities. These trends imply that the state's control of society has been intensified once again.