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我國民法給付不能之類型與效力

The Types and Effects of Impossibility in Civil Law

摘要


民法債務不履行中關於給付不能之類型,主要分有自始/嗣後不能、主觀/客觀不能、一時/全部不能、法律/事實不能、一部/全部不能等等分類,其各種分類在法律上之適用,是否確實有不同效力而有區別實益,抑或僅為學理上概念之分類?此涉及各種分類要件應如何解釋,以及民法關於積務不履行之條文應如何適用各分類等等之討論,本文擬以我國學說及實務上之見解,對於給付不能之各種分類要件予以分析,除評析各種分類之定義及區別實益外,亦說明各種分類下所相對應之給付不能效力。就應如何解釋其給付不能之效力。再者,在各種分類中亦衍伸有其他相關問題,如「自始主觀不能」之契約效力以及給付不能判斷時點等等問題。前者之學說及實務見解討論,實已論及主客觀不能之區別問題,而過說見解更因此產生一新的獨立債務不履行之類型,惟其是否符合我國民法一貫之立法體系?不無疑問。至於後者,則與契約效力、債務不履行之責任時點、甚或給付遲延與給付不能間之成立時點息息相關,其不能之認定究應在契約之何種階段始為判斷,即誠值討論。按前揭給付不能分類下所會產生之相關爭議,乃涉及民法上給付不能之基本體系及條文解釋,本文對此等問題即佐以實務見解及學說看法加以剖析,希冀供日後相關問題探討研究。

並列摘要


The types of non-performance in Civil Law mainly include ab initio/ subsequent, subjective/objective, temporary/ complete, legal/factual, partial/ whole impossibility of nonperformance. Whether all of aforesaid classifications applying in law have different effects and benefits or it is classified by theories, which involves with the issue that how to interpret the requirements of the classifications and how the articles of non-performance in Civil Law apply to the classifications. This paper will analyze the requirements of the classifications based on schoIars' theories and judicial opinions. In addition to commenting on various definitions and effects of the classification, this paper also explains the effects of non performance corresponding to the classifications. Furthermore, there are other derivative issues in every classification, such as the contractual effects of "subjective non performance ab initio" and the time of judging the non performance and so forth. The scholars' theories and judicial opinions of the former is related to the distinctions of the standard about subjective and objective non performance and the majority opinion creates one new type of non performance. But it is doubtful that the new type of non performance conforms to the legal structure of the Civil Law. The latter is related to contract effects, the time of compensation of non performance and the time of existence of impossibility of performance, default of performance and what is the time of existence of non performance deserves discussion. These issues arising from the aforesaid classification are concerned in the fundamental structure and the interpretation of the articles of non performance in Civil Law. This paper analyzes these issues based on judicial opinions and scholar theories, which hope to proceed the discussion on the related issues in the future.

參考文獻


鳩山秀夫(大正14年【1925】)。《日本債權法總論》,岩波書店
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被引用紀錄


王麗鈞(2018)。標的物受公法限制之買賣契約之效力、瑕疵擔保及債務不履行〔碩士論文,國立臺灣大學〕。華藝線上圖書館。https://doi.org/10.6342%2fNTU201800556

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