從認知觀點談“問題解決”－及其在醫學教學之應用

A Cognitive Approach to Problem-Solving in Medical Education

許瀞方(C. H. Hsu) ； 陳琮琳(C. L. Chen)

《台灣醫學人文學刊》 4卷1&2期 (2003/05) Pp. 69-83

https://doi.org/10.30097/FJMH.200305.0008

摘要

「問題解決」(Problem solving)是我們每天日常生活中的活動和技能，在各種專業領域上，更存在著需要專業技巧或能力方能解決之問題，以至於我們隨時都可能面臨的各種突發事件所形成之問題，或大或小、一般性或特殊性，若要能順利解決問題，有關問題解決之技巧、技能，便是值得我們關注與學習之課題。
一般而言，我們都會同意問題解決能力與年齡、學習背景與經驗等有關。而更有許多研究是關於人們解決問題能力之差異，即所謂「專家」(expert)與「生手」(novice)的差別。而正如許多的研究結果所顯示的，「專家」在其專業領域上的「問題解決」知識、技能、策略皆優於「生手」。針對這樣的研究所得，專家與生手在問題解決能力上之差別，也成為本文中進一步加以探討之焦點，並且目前國內致力於提昇醫學教育，問題解決也被應用於在醫學教學設計上，期能培養醫學院學生之問題解決能力。

關鍵字

問題解決 ； 專家 ； 生手

並列摘要

The problem solving is used in daily activities and skills. Sometimes, the problems are so complex and sophisticated that we can't overcome these problems and need more experienced and professional skills and abilities to face them. Hence, the topic of problem solving is important and worth to be delicately concerned today.
Basically we agree that ability of problem solving is related to age, learning background and experience. There are many researches regarding to the variety abilities in problem solving, i.e., the difference between experts and novice. Many researches agree that the main difference between expert and novice is that experts are better in their knowledge, skills and strategies than novices are. Hence, we will discuss the role and difference in problem solving between experts and novices too. As many educational fields, medical education is aggressively looking for advancing in Taiwan. The problem solving is applied to the teaching program of medical-science and is expected to culture the medical student in the abilities of problem solving.

並列關鍵字

problem solving ； expert ； novice