杜文煥會宗三教

Du Wenhuan and His Project to Synthesize the Three Teachings

呂妙芬(Miaw-Fen Lu)

《明代研究》 23期 (2014/12) Pp. 47-89

摘要

本文主要探討晚明杜文煥會宗三教的思想與作為，說明他如何兼顧英雄事功與講學求道。杜文煥出身榆林武將世家，一生縱橫北方沙場，退下戰場時，他又儼然成為一教派之教主，在自建的會教菴中宣揚會宗三教的思想，並自稱函三逸史。杜文煥也熱衷文學，與晚明江南文壇多有往來。本文從杜文煥的生平、交友、思想與實踐談起，再追溯其三教師承，說明與道教龍沙讖信仰的關係。杜文煥在儒學方面師承涂宗濬，是李材的再傳弟子。本文除了說明涂宗濬的生平及其與李材止修之學的關係外，亦比較涂宗濬、杜文煥二人在思想與作風上之異同，指出兩人均有濃厚的宗教關懷與實踐。最後，本文也基於此個案研究對晚明文化現象提出一些觀察。

關鍵字

杜文煥 ； 涂宗濬 ； 三教 ； 龍沙讖 ； 儒學與宗教

並列摘要

This article studies the synthesis of the Three Teachings (Confucianism, Daoism, and Buddhism) by Du Wenhuan. Du Wenhuan was a famous military general in the late Ming, who came from a powerful family in Yulin, Shaanxi province. He spent much of his career in military service on the battlefields of the contested areas of northern China. When he retired from the military, Du transformed himself into a religious leader and promoted the synthesis of the Three Teachings based on the Huijaoan, a private building compound for retreat and religious activities that Du built in 1604. Du Wenhuan was a passionate writer and maintained connections with many famous scholars of the time. This article discusses the life and thought of Du Wenhuan and traces his contribution to the synthesis of the Three Teachings. Although Du had a close relationship with Daoism, his synthesis had strong Confucian roots. For the origins of Du's thought we must also look to one of his teachers Tu Zongjun, an inspector-general and a disciple of Li Cai. This article also offers a comparison of Du's and Tu's thoughts. The case study of Du's synthesis of the Three Teachings raises important questions about late-Ming intellectual and religious culture.

並列關鍵字

Du Wenhuan ； Tu Zongjun ； the Three Teachings ； Daoism ； Confucianism and religions

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