機車安全帽標準於頭臉部防護能力之探討

Standard Study for Motorcycle Helmet against Head Injury in Craniofacial Impacts

張立東(Li-Tung Chang) ； 張志涵(Chih-Han Chang) ； 張冠諒(Guan-Liang Chang)

《Journal of Medical and Biological Engineering》 20卷3期 (2000/09) Pp. 40-48

摘要

防護機車騎士因頭、臉部碰撞而造成之腦部傷害，最有效的方法就是佩戴安全帽，而安全帽之防護效能取決於安全帽國家標準之規範。本文研究目的在於建立一護顎與安全帽頭部區域之測試程序，以評估防護頭、臉部衝擊之能力；並建立護顎及安全帽之有限元素碰撞模型，探討中國國家標準對於安全帽吸收衝擊能力之準據是否合理，以及護顎與安全帽頭部區域之設計。實驗結果顯示：護顎若僅由外殼及襯墊組成，其吸收衝擊能力嚴重不足，然而我國之機車安全帽標準卻無護顎裝置之規範，極待訂定護顎之檢測標準。另一方面，我國機車安全帽標準對於衝擊吸收能力的要求過於寬鬆，本研究建議可將衝擊速度提高至6 m/s，最大加速度值限制低於300 G，並將頭部傷害指數（HIC）納入評估指標。為提昇護顎之防護能力，護顎結構應具備吸收衝擊墊料，而墊料的密度應適度的提高，以彌補護顎空間之限制；同時外殼剛性應適度的降低，以減少頭部之受力。而安全帽頭部區域之設計方面，外殼剛性及吸收衝擊墊料密度均應盡量降低，以提昇安全帽之衝擊吸收效能，減少腦部傷害的機會。

關鍵字

安全帽 ； 頭部傷害 ； 標準

並列摘要

The Chinese National Standard for motorcycle helmet requires the protective performance of helmet against head injuries in accidents. However, the helmet standard does not completely meet the requirements of the riders in the impact-absorbing capacity. This study presents the experimental models to evaluate the impact-absorbing capacity of chin bar and helmet, and establishes two finite element models to analyze the design parameters. The results showed that a chin bar consisted only of plastic shell and comfort foam offers inadequate protection, and a standard shock absorption test of the chin bar is needed to determine the essential capacity for preventing head injuries. The protective performance of the helmet approved from the standard shock absorption test is not sufficient. The testing velocity of 6 m/s and the upper limit of 300 G at the center of the headform are recommended to enhance the essential requirements of the impact–absorbing capacity in the standard. Head Injury Criterion (HIC) can be an evaluating index. To improve the protective performance of the chin bar and helmet, the design of a less-stiff shell and a less-dense liner would provide better protection, but the liner density in the chin bar should be denser than that of used in the helmet.

並列關鍵字

Helmet ； Head Injury ； Standard