- 期刊
米滂《吉祥滿願‧幼保儀軌》研究
A Study on Mipham's Compilation of Childcare Rituals in bKra shis' dod' jo
摘要
與西藏生育習俗相關的調查報告有很多，近年來也有許多學者探討生活在高海拔地區西藏婦女的生育情況與新生兒的營養、生長、發育情形，然而，卻很少有學者從事西藏幼保儀軌的深入探討。幼保儀軌乃在針對婦女懷胎之前、懷孕期間及生育之後，父母與新生兒所可能遇到的各種問題，提供解決的方法。本文以西藏佛教寧瑪派重要學者米滂南杰（Mi pham rnam rgyal, 1846-1912）於1908年所編著的《吉祥滿願》中所收錄的各種不同類型的幼保儀軌為研究對象，探討西藏人如何經由執行特定儀軌，達到順利懷胎、擇男、養兒等延續子息的目的。《吉祥滿願》中的幼保儀軌共有「祈求得孕」、「祈求得男丁」、「保護已生幼兒」、「其他相關儀軌」四種類型。本文討論這四種類型儀軌的適用情形與施行方式，並且經由歸納、分析這些幼保儀軌的內容，探索西藏人對新生命所抱持的態度，包括與生命延續有關的偏好、禁忌、信仰內容、社會價值觀等等。《吉祥滿願》以完整的架構呈現出各種在西藏民間通行的幼保儀軌，其內容不僅生動描繪出西藏人的生育價值觀，也為讀者開啟了一扇探究西藏生育文化豐富內涵的窗牖。
並列摘要
There are numerous reports concerning Tibetan birth customs. In recent years, several scholars have also explored the fertility of Tibetan women living in high altitudes and the nutrition, growth and development of Tibetan newborn babies. Nevertheless, few scholars have engaged in thorough study of Tibetan childcare rituals. Tibetan childcare rituals provide solutions to various problems that parents and newborns may encounter prior to conception, during pregnancy and after childbirth. Focusing on a variety of childcare rituals that are collected in bKra shis 'dod 'jo, a text compiled by the famous rNying ma scholar Mi pham rnam rgyal (1846-1912) in 1908, this article investigates how the Tibetans, by way of implementing specific rituals, achieve the purpose of obtaining desirable offspring, e.g. through successful pregnancy, determining the sex of the fetus, rearing children, and so on.In total, there are four types of childcare rituals collected in bKra shis 'dod 'jo: rituals beseeching pregnancy, rituals beseeching a male fetus, rituals protecting children, and other similar rituals. The prerequisites and the methods of implementation of these four types of rituals are discussed. Through summarizing and analyzing the descriptions of these childcare rituals, this article explores the attitude of the Tibetans toward newborns, including the preferences, taboos, beliefs and social values regarding the continuation of life. bKra shis 'dod 'jo has presented a complete framework for diverse childcare rituals that are generally used among the Tibetan people. Its contents have not only vividly depicted the Tibetan values on giving birth and rearing children, but also opened a window for readers to explore the rich connotations of Tibetan birth culture.