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以國際關係學說批判理論談大型國際運動賽會辦理之反思

Reflections on Organizing Large-scale International Sports Events from the Perspective of Critical Theory in International Relations

摘要


國際關係中的批判理論是在1980年代初在英美學界崛起的新思潮。它的前身便是法蘭克福學派的批判理論與批判社會學。批判理論具激烈前進的批判力量,尤其是社會結構或政經系統,從傳統威權封閉到現在自由開放的氣氛型態,批判理論所扮演的揭露、質疑及否定角色,實有不可磨滅的歷史地位。批判理論中的認知論涉及知識與價值的關係,認為任何有關國際關係的知識和理論,背後都有持論者的企圖和利益。實有論或本體論則在認同與分析國際關係的行動者(國家、國際機構)與國際結構(單極、多極、權力平衡、國家利益等)之外,也要留意歷史變遷中社會運動,以及國際政治中宰制與排除(第一世界對第二世界之排除,對第三世界表面上的拉攏、實質上的控制),各強權大國希望透過大型國際賽會之籌辦,進行國内外之政經、社會結構之重塑,然而許多城市之衝擊卻逐漸產生,政府強勢進行改造城市之作為,背後的企圖及利益與其所造成對社會環境與城市的影響,值得深思探討之。故本文透過國際關係學說中的批判理論林克雷特所提出的三大境域分析近大型運動賽會辦理時所衍生的城市衝擊,進而給予日後我國辦理大型運動賽會時之參考。

並列摘要


Critical theory in international relations is a new thinking that emerged in the early 1980s among British and American scholars. Stemming from the Frankfurt School of critical theory and critical sociology, critical theory in international relations is an aggressive and progressive critical thinking that examines social structures or political economy systems. From authoritarianism in the past to the free and open atmosphere nowadays, critical theory has played a crucial role in disclosure, questioning, and disapproval throughout history. Cognitive theory in critical theory involves examining the relationship between knowledge and value, claiming that behind any knowledge or theory related to international relations lie the proponents’ intention and benefits. Ontology not only recognizes and analyzes actors in international relations (nations and national institutes) and international structures (e.g., unipolar and multipolar structures, balance of power, and national interest), but also social movements in historical transitions and domination and exclusion in international politics (first world countries excluding second world countries but tending to ally and substantially control third world countries). World powers organize large-scale international sports events to reshape their domestic political, economic, and social structures. However, conflicts between cities have occurred progressively. Forced urban reforms by the government and the attempt and interest behind such reforms influence social environments and cities, which warrant exploration. This study adopted the three dimensions proposed by Andrew Linklater to analyze the influence of organizing a large-scale international sports event on cities. The results can serve as a reference for organizing future large-scale international sports events in Taiwan.

參考文獻


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