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國家、軍隊、體育與網球-改革變法百餘年的近代中國

The Nation, Military, Sports, and Tennis - Reformation for Hundreds of Years in China

摘要


清末民初內憂外患國勢陵夷,知識分子力圖改革變法,從器械革新、制度變革,乃至推翻滿清創建新中國,卻仍然無法改善民生疾苦,於是新文化運動展開了啟蒙與救亡的雙重奏。在這場啟蒙與救亡的文化變革裡,以體育活動來強身健國,成為社會達爾文主義下的一種思潮,既然體育要為國所用,於是軍國民思想甚囂塵上,體育課程軍事化成為一時風潮。軍事又往往是社會轉型的率先項目,軍人形象的改良,也成為清末民初新式軍隊需要面對的課題,於是黃埔建軍著重思想教育,成功完成東征、北伐,證明了思想教育與軍事身體的結合十分成功,於是軍訓與童軍課程進入中學系統,而體育活動縱然從兵操之中解脫出來,卻也不能逃脫國家的控制。畢竟體育活動是國家認同的建構方式之一,競技又與軍事目標同為求勝,鼓勵軍人進行體育活動成為國家政策。在各項體育活動中,網球因為素為貴族運動,本無法在貧困的中國大量普及。但是沿海城市生活迅速西化,富貴人士以網球為時尚,影響了軍官的認同,使高階將領也喜打網球。國民政府遷臺後,為了掌控民間團體,於是由軍政高層來擔任各種運動組織的領導人,輔以該項學者專家,以確保忠誠度,並且運用軍方資源,又可以進一步改善軍民關係,以及培訓國手為國爭光。網球協會等組織皆由此而來,國軍體育學校也建立網球隊,為臺灣培育了多位網球高手,賡續了網球發展的道路。

並列摘要


In the late 19st century, China was during the most serious national and social unrest. The intellectual had tried renewing the military, the laws, and even the government; however, they did not quite succeed. Therefore, New Culture Movement occurred. It became an Ideological trend to enforce the health of civil people and the strength of the military with sports. In this way, Military Country Education Thoughts grew popular. The physical class was militarized (including Ideological and physical education) from Whampoa Military Academy to general high school above. After all, sports are methods of construction to a country, and sports and the military have the same goal - the pursuit of victory. Encouraging soldiers to exercise had become a national policy. In various sports activities, tennis was loved by the nobility. Poor Chinese people cannot afford this noble sport. However, the coastal cities westernized rapidly. Tennis became a fashion among rich people and some military officers. Afterwards, R.O.C. government moved to Taiwan from Mainland China. In order to control civil societies, the senior military lead sport organizations to ensure the loyalty. On the other hand, the resources of the military had improved the relationship between the military and civil people, and lots of national players were developed. This is the origin of sport organizations like Tennis Association In the early R.O.C. In addition, military academies also established tennis teams, and so enhanced the development of tennis in Taiwan.

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