明成祖與大寶法王交流研究－以宗教畫卷《薦福圖》為例

宗教畫卷《噶瑪巴為明太祖薦福圖》是明成祖於永樂5年月，邀約西藏噶瑪噶舉派第五世活佛噶瑪巴哈立麻至京城靈谷寺設立普度大齋，為其父母太祖、高后舉行14日薦福法會的文圖紀實。之後哈立麻受封「萬行具足十方最勝圓覺妙智慧善普應佑國演教如來大寶法王西天大善自在佛領天下釋教」，為明朝首封之法王，亦高於另二位法王，而此「大寶法王」的崇高封號即被噶瑪噶舉派黑帽系轉世活佛承襲至今。本文以見證永樂朝與西藏交流之傳世《薦福圖》畫卷為中心，試圖勾勒哈立麻於漢地弘法的事蹟，旁及明廷與西藏宗教、文化關係的發展。首先說明畫卷的背景與內容；其次是相關藏、漢與域外史料，以及研究史的綜述；最後輯錄《薦福圖》事件，以及明廷賜、哈立麻歸藏後遣使相關詔書、敕書等文獻，依時排序為十個階段，於此展現明成祖與哈立麻長達13年的交流歷程。

關鍵字

明成祖；哈立麻德行協巴；噶瑪噶舉派；靈谷寺

並列摘要

A long and large religious illustrated scroll Buddhist Ritual Assembly Performed by Karma-pa to Glorify the Departed Ming Taizu (Jian Fu Tu), had originally been stored at the temple mtshur-phu-dgon-pa of the Bka-brgyud sect of Tibetan Buddhism, and is exhibited at the Tibetan Museum presently. This scroll formatted by five-language texts and forty-nine pictures, depicted the various auspicious scenes and miracles appeared during the fasting commandment ceremony procedure contributed to the former Emperor Taizu for his happiness in Linggu Monastery, Nanjing, in 1407, which was invocated by Master of the 5(superscript th) Karma-pa, a Tibetan lama who was invited by Ming Chengzu. Karma-pa was dubbed ”Da Bao Fa Wang” (Great Precious Dharma King) after the ceremony. Furthermore, this highest-ranking title is higher than the other two ”Da Ci Fa Wang” and ”Da Cheng Fa Wang” of Ming dynasty. Today, the Kagyu lineage is the seventeenth Karma-pa. Based on the Jian Fu Tu, which related the interrelation between Chengzu and Karma, the paper attempts to draw the outline of Karma's Dhamma propagation during his stay in Ming's royal court, and religious and cultural relationships between Tibet and Ming as well. This paper states the background and contents of Jian Fu Tu at first, follows the Tibetan, Chinese and foreign historical documents, and also the historical studies of Jian Fu Tu. Finally, it compiles several significant historical records, letters and degrees chronologically, in order to understand thoroughly their thirteen-year-long mutual understanding between Chengzu and Karmapa.