舊約中的聖戰觀念：一般和特例

The Ideas of Holy War in "the Old Testament": General & Particular Meanings

彭書穎(Su-Eing Peng)

《新世紀宗教研究》 11卷4期 (2013/06) Pp. 83-109

摘要

從911事件以來，「聖戰」議題可說是近來宗教界熱門的話題。不過，學界大多對於伊斯蘭教的聖戰研究甚多，對基督宗教聖戰的研究相較之下顯得薄弱。事實上，基督宗教當中的聖戰觀念其實相當複雜，舊約與新約當中對於戰爭與和平的記載有明顯的不同，連帶著有關神聖的聖戰觀念與形式也有所不同。本文主要嘗試將舊約中的聖戰形式做出區隔：「一般聖戰」與「特例聖戰」。一般聖戰泛指所有帶有神聖目的、神聖者親自參與，並且以色列人表現出他們對神聖者忠誠的神聖戰爭；而特例聖戰則是以希伯來文herem所代表的神聖戰爭，也就是一種「滅絕式」的滅絕盡淨戰爭，主要是當時以色列進入迦南地時針對其他當地民族的滅絕命令。文中除了歸納兩種聖戰形式的內容，並且討論兩種聖戰形式所代表的現實意義和宗教意義。

關鍵字

聖戰 ； 舊約 ； 滅絕淨盡 ； 基督宗教

並列摘要

The discussion of the concept of ”Holy war” has become a hot topic from 911. The academics paid more research attention on the idea of holy war of Islam than Christianity. However, the concept of Christian holy war is quite complex, too. ”The Old Testament” and ”the New Testament” records for war and peace are obviously different, even with the relevant concepts and forms of the ”sacred” holy war also different. This paper attempts to make ”the Old Testament” form of holy war in two segments: ”General holy war” and ”exceptional holy war.” General holy war refers to all sacred wars with sacred purposes in which the divine one involves himself, and Israelis show their loyalty to the divine one; exceptional holy war is based on the Hebrew word ”herem,” representing sacred wars of ”extinct” and ”totally destroyed” type. It is a specially extermination order for other local ethnic groups when Israelis entered into the land of Canaan. This paper not only summarizes the two kinds of holy war in the biblical text content, but represents the practical significance and religious significance of these two holy war forms.

並列關鍵字

Holy war ； the Old Testament ； herem ； Christianity

參考文獻

Bainton, Roland(1960).Christian Attitudes toward War and Peace.New York:Abingdon.

Clines, David J. A.(Ed.)(1996).The Dictionary of Classical Hebrew, vol.3..Sheffield:Sheffield Academic Press.

Crone, Patricia(2004).God's Rule Government and Islam.Columbia:Columbia University Press.

Freedman, David Noel(Ed.)(1992).The Anchor Bible Dictionary, vol. 2.New York:Doubleday/Anchor.

Holloway, Jeph(1998).The Ethical Dilemma of Holy War.Southwestern Journal of Theology.