市場社會主義與社會正義：兼論達維米勒對市場的辯護

九○年代初在前蘇聯、前南斯拉夫及其他束歐國家所出現的鉅變促使社會主義者重新思考在資本主義與共產主義之間可行的政經模式。社會主義曾被宣告死亡，不過，市場社會主義者並不接受這個說法，他們反而提出不同的模式，意圖在引入市場的同時堅持社會主義，並嘗試發展一套跟馬克思主義截然不同的社會主義理論。部份馬克思主義者視市場社會主義社會為從資本主義社會到共產主義社會的過程中的一個階段，市場最後會消失。部份市場社會主義者希望突破這個想法，面對傳統左派的批評，他們積極為市場辯護。作為市場社會主義者的一份子，達維米勒(David Miller)嘗試透過其正義論為市場的存在提出合理的論據。本文以社會主義傳統為背景分析及批判米勒為市場辯護的論點。

關鍵字

市場；社會正義；應得；平等；剝削；社會主義

並列摘要

After the fall of communist regimes in the former Soviet Union and the Eastern European countries, socialists were forced to rethink the future of socialism. It was once claimed that socialism was dead. Market socialists deny this claim and propose new models of socialism that are believed to succeed. In endorsing the market, market socialists develop a theory distinct from Marxism. Some Marxists believe that market socialism is a transitional stage between capitalism and communism. Some market socialists reject this thinking. They try to defend the market in the face of the criticisms from the radical left. As a market socialist, David Miller has been eager to develop a theory of social justice that can be used to defend the market. This paper critically examines his defense of market in light of traditional socialist thinking.